9.00 Introduction to Psychology

1
9.00 Introduction to Psychology
Talia Konkle 21 Feb 07
2
Pop Quiz
3
The Plan for today
Review Blitzkrieg Neuroanatomy Neuroscience
Methods A little on TMS
15
Discussion Neuroscience of Lies
40
50
Logistics Paper Guidelines
Timekeeper?
4
01-10
W. W. Norton
5
Synapse
6
03-09
W. W. Norton
7
Brodmann, K., Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre
der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien
dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig
J.A. Barth, 1909.
8
02-07
W. W. Norton
9
(No Transcript)
10
05-04
W. W. Norton
11
10-09
W. W. Norton
12
Stroop Effect
Word Set 1
13
Question
Methods Section

• How do we study the brain?

14
THE GOAL
Hey ___, you took brain classes at MIT. How do
they get these brain areas lighting up? What do
you make of it?
15
Question

• How do we study the brain?

What methods can we use to figure out what the
role of a certain brain area is?
16
Answers
eeg
lesions
fmri
single cell recording
stimulation
17
fmri eeg lesion single-cell stimulation
Causality
Direct
Indirect
lesions
fmri
single cell recording
eeg
stimulation
18
fmri eeg lesion single-cell stimulation
Precision
Good Spatial
Good Temporal
stimulation
lesions
eeg
stimulation
19
fmri eeg lesion single-cell stimulation
Invasive
Non Invasive
lesions
stimulation
eeg
stimulation
20
// Begin TMS //
21
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
If you want to hear about brain zapping, youve
come to the right place
and if you dont too bad
22
What is it and how does it work?
23
What is it and how does it work?
Electromagnetism Coil Types Spatial and Temporal
Resolution Neuron Stimulation proof by motor
cortex
24
Will it hurt me?
Myths of TMS It will give me a seizure It will
damage my brain at high intensities The effects
are permanent Animal studies show no cell death
even with high stimulation rates.
25
Whats it good for?
Applications of TMS
Experimental
Clinical
- Integrity of motor pathways
- Treatment of depression
Single Pulse
Repetitive
- Working memory disruptions - Sequence learning

• Motor System probe

- Virtual Scotoma
- Blind Braille readers
26
Mythical Applications of TMS

• Induce creativity (Australian report)

I looked down at my work. The first felines were
boxy and stiffly unconvincing. But after I had
been subjected to about 10 minutes of
transcranial magnetic stimulation, their tails
had grown more vibrant, more nervous their faces
were personable and convincing. They were
evenbeginning to wear clever expressions. I
could hardly recognize them as my own drawings,
though I had watched myself render each one, in
all its loving detail. Somehow over the courseof
a very few minutes, and with no additional
instruction, I had gone from an incompetent
draftsman to a very impressive artist of the
feline form.As remarkable as the cat-drawing
lesson was, it was just a hint of (Allan)
Snyder's work and its implications for the study
of cognition. He has used TMS dozens of times on
university students, measuring its effect on
their ability to draw, to proofread and to
perform difficult mathematicalfunctions like
identifying prime numbers by sight. Hooked up to
the machine, 40 percent of test subjects
exhibited extraordinary, and newfound, mental
skills. That Snyder was able to induce these
remarkable feats in a controlled, repeatable
experiment is more than just a greatparty trick
it's a breakthrough that may lead to a revolution
in the way we understand the limits of our own
intelligence -- and the functioning of the human
brain in general. From the New York Times
Savant for a Day, June 22, 2003, By LAWRENCE
OSBORNE
27
Whats it good for?
Applications of TMS
Experimental
Clinical
- Integrity of motor pathways
- Treatment of depression
Single Pulse
Repetitive
Hope that it might be substitute for
electroconvulsive therapy?
- Working memory disruptions - Sequence learning

• Motor System probe

- Virtual Scotoma
- Reading Braille
28
Whats it good for?
Applications of TMS
Experimental
Clinical
- Integrity of motor pathways
- Treatment of depression
Single Pulse
Repetitive
- Working memory disruptions - Sequence learning

• Motor System probe

- Virtual Scotoma
- Reading Braille
29
Whats it good for?
Applications of TMS
Experimental
Clinical
- Integrity of motor pathways
- Treatment of depression
Single Pulse
Repetitive
- Working memory disruptions - Sequence learning

• Motor System probe

- Virtual Scotoma
- Reading Braille
30
Virtual Scotoma
31
Whats it good for?
Applications of TMS
Experimental
Clinical
- Integrity of motor pathways
- Treatment of depression
Single Pulse
Repetitive
- Working memory disruptions - Sequence learning

• Motor System probe

- Virtual Scotoma
- Reading Braille
32
PET activation in blind individuals when reading
Braille.
PET activation in sighted individuals when doing
tactile discrimination task.
33
Assessing functional relevance TMS during
tactile exploration
Blind individuals doing identification task with
Braille
Sighted individuals doing identification task
with embossed Roman letters
34
Whats it good for?
Applications of TMS
Experimental
Clinical
- Integrity of motor pathways
- Treatment of depression
Single Pulse
Repetitive
- Working memory disruptions - Sequence learning

• Motor System probe

- Virtual Scotoma
- Reading Braille
35
How do you zap the right place?
36
How do you zap the right place?
Stereotaxic localization
37
How do you zap the right place?
38
for the economically minded How much does this
cost?
Neopulse 40K Magstim 30 K Polaris
Brainsight 60 K EMG setup 10 K
39
// End TMS //
40
// Begin Ethics //
41
Question

• Should we use neuroimaging results in court (e.g.
  lie detector technology)

read story
42
Question

• Should we use neuroimaging to decide about taking
  people off life-support?

43
Extras
44
LOGISTICS
Papers Due 1 week from today in section
- BRING 2 COPIES!!
45
Motor Systems Probe
Brain-based poloygraph?
Pre-Question Post-Question
Simple (yes/no) Are you a man? Complex
How old are you? Two effects Main
effect (liegttruth, pre and post)
Interaction
46
Mythical Applications of TMS

• Induce religious experience (Canadian report)

Cook, CM and Persinger, MA Percept Mot Skills.
1997 85)683-93. Experimental induction of the
"sensed presence" in normal subjects and an
exceptional subject.9 of the 15 volunteers who
were exposed to successive 3-min. durations of
bursts of different types of weak (1 microT)
complex magnetic fields or sham-fields reported
the sense of a presence as indicated by a button
press at the time of the experience An
exceptional subject who had a history of
experiencing within his upper left peripheral
visual field "flashing images" concerning the
health and history of people when handling their
photographs was also exposed to the burst
sequences. Numbers of button presses associated
with the experiences of a mystical presence, to
whom the subject attributed his capacity,
increased when the complex magnetic fields were
applied without the subject's knowledge. The
results support the hypothesis that the sense of
a presence, which may be the common
phenomenological base from which experiences of
gods, spirits, angels, and other entities are
derived, is a right hemispheric homologue of the
left hemispheric sense of self.
47
Whats it good for?
Applications of TMS
Experimental
Clinical
- Integrity of motor pathways
- Treatment of depression
Single Pulse
Repetitive
- Working memory disruptions - Sequence learning

• Motor System probe

- Virtual Scotoma
- Blind Braille readers
48
Assessment of Motor Pathways in Multiple Sclerosis
Motor Systems Probe
TMS stimulation over ulnar nerve TMS stimulation
at C-7 level of spinal cord TMS stimulation over
motor cortex
TMS stimulation over ulnar nerve TMS stimulation
at C-7 level of spinal cord TMS stimulation over
motor cortex
49
Briefly, whats a MEP?
Brain-based polygraph?
50
Motor Systems Probe
Does action observation engage motor system?
(Aziz-Zadeh et al., 2002)
Participant watches a movie of person moving
either the left or right index finger.
51
High frequency (3 Hz) stimulation Disruption of
sequence production
SMA Stimulation Motor Cortex Stimulation
52
Range over which errors occurred after TMS
SMA I forgot where I was in the sequence MC
My hand got stuck.
53
CONFORMITY OBEDIENCEMILGRAM STUDY
Newspaper ad - study of memory - Yale Two
people Researcher - here to help science improve
learning and memory through punishmnet One
teacher and one learner - a set of word pairs
to memorize Teacher gives word, learner
responds Correct response - good or thats
right Incorrect response - - press button that
delivers shock
54
CONFORMITY OBEDIENCEMILGRAM STUDY
Shock Generator 15 volts - 15 volts steps - 30
switches 150 volts - STRONG SHOCK 255 volts -
INTENSE SHOCK 375 volts - DANGER, SEVERE
SHOCK 435 volts - XXX 450 volts - XXX
55
CONFORMITY OBEDIENCEMILGRAM STUDY
Initially,learner does well Then errors Learner
complains that shocks are starting to
hurt Screams Says that he or she does not want to
continue Hesitate, question researcher Learner
complains about heart condition More errors -
teacher pleads to concentrate You have no right
to keep me here! I refuse to answer any more!
You cant hold me here! My hearts bothering
me! At 300 volts, no more response Experimenter
says that after 5 sec, it is a wrong answer
56
CONFORMITY OBEDIENCEMILGRAM STUDY
Shock Generator 15 volts - 15 volts steps - 30
switches 150 volts - STRONG SHOCK 255 volts -
INTENSE SCOCK 375 volts - DANGER, SEVERE
SHOCK 435 volts - XXX 450 volts - XXX All
the way to 450?
57
CONFORMITY OBEDIENCEMILGRAM STUDY
Shock Generator 15 volts - 15 volts steps - 30
switches 150 volts - STRONG SHOCK 255 volts -
INTENSE SCOCK 375 volts - DANGER, SEVERE
SHOCK 435 volts - XXX 450 volts - XXX All
the way to 450? - 65
58
Imagery-Specific Activations

• Patient and group of 12 healthy volunteers
  imagined playing tennis or moving around a house

Owen et al., Science, 2006
59

• If a card has a vowel on one side, then it has an
  even number on the other side.

60

• If a card has a vowel on one side, then it has an
  even number on the other side.

Correct answer - E 7 (10)Common answers - E,
E 6
61
Confirmation bias

• We look for evidence that confirms what we
  believe, and overlook evidence that could
  disconfirm what we believe.
• E - see an even number - confirm
• 6 - not even needed, but feels like it confirms
• 7 - would disconfirm - if there is a vowel on the
  other side

62
A different, but related example
If you have a beer, you must be 21 or older.
63
This is EXACTLY the same as the previous example!
24
18
If you have a beer (vowel) ---gt you must be over
21 (even)
P --gt Q Check all ps (all beers, all even
numbers) Not Q --gt notP Check all NOT Qs
(underage, all odd numbers)
Were Good At Finding Cheaters