Science Review

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Science Review
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Exam Topics

• Nutrition
• Digestive system (anatomy and physiology)
• Respiratory system (anatomy and physiology)
• Circulatory system (anatomy and physiology)
• Blood typing
• Waves
• Senses (ears and eyes) (anatomy and physiology)
• Technical Analysis

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Nutrients

• Energy giving nutrients
• Carbohydrates Function 1st energy source
• Lipids (fats) Function 2nd energy source
• Proteins Function repairs tissues and
• Emergency energy source
• Regulating nutrients
• Vitamins and Minerals
• Water
• Fiber

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Goal of the digestive system

• The goal of the digestive system is to change
  complex molecules into simple ones
• Complex Molecules into Simple Molecules
• Carbohydrates ? glucose
• Proteins ? amino acids
• Lipids ? glycerol
• ? fatty acids

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Anatomy

• The digestive system
• The digestive tract
• Path the food takes
• The digestive glands
• Where chemicals that help in the breakdown of
  food comes from

Glands organs that secrete an enzyme
(chemical) Food does not enter the digestive
glands
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Anatomy

• Pathway of food
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
• Large Intestine

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Anatomy

• The digestive tract
• The Mouth
• The teeth grind the food mechanical breakdown
• The salivary glands produce saliva chemical
  breakdown of carbohydrates

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Anatomy

• The digestive tract
• The Pharynx

Shared by the respiratory system and the
digestive system
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Anatomy

• The digestive tract
• The Esophagus
• The esophagus pushes the food down towards the
  stomach via peristalsis

PERISTALSIS muscle contractions that push food
through the digestive tract
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Anatomy

• The digestive tract
• The Stomach
• The gastric glands produce pepsin and stomach
  acid that will cause a chemical breakdown of the
  nutrients
• The stomach also mixes the food with the gastric
  juices. This motion is called churning.

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Anatomy

• The digestive tract
• Small Intestine
• Pushes the food through to the large intestine
  via peristalsis.
• Where the Bile from the liver and insulin from
  the pancreas are added (most of the digestion
  occurs here)
• This is where most of the simple nutrients
  (glucose, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids)
  are absorbed through the villi.

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Anatomy

• The digestive Tract
• Large Intestine
• Pushes the food through out of the system via
  peristalsis.
• This is where water, minerals and vitamins are
  absorbed through the villi.

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Anatomy

• Recap of the digestive glands
• Salivary glands (Saliva or Amylase)
• Gastric Glands (Stomach acid)
• Intestinal Glands (Intestinal juices)
• Pancreas (Insulin)
• Liver (Bile)

1st chemical transformation occurs in the mouth
with amylase Most of the digestion occurs in
the small intestine
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Physiology How the system works
Mmmm!! Burger
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Physiology

• During the digestion process your food undergoes
  mechanical and chemical transformations
• Mechanical Transformation same thing only
  smaller or mixed
• Chemical Transformationbreak down of complex
  molecules into less complex molecules

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Examples of Mechanical Transformations

• The Mouth Chewing
• The Stomach and small intestine- Churning
• Mixing food with the secretions of the digestive
  glands

Peristalsis is also a mechanical transformation
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Chemical Transformation (recap)
Digestive Gland Secretions Location Targets
Salivary glands Saliva Mouth Starch (complex carbohydrate)
Gastric Gland Gastric Juices Stomach Proteins
Intestinal glands Intestinal juices Small intestine Proteins, carbs, lipids
Pancreas Pancreatic juices Small Intestine Proteins, carbs, lipids
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Absorption of nutrients

• The process that moves nutrients (chemically
  broken down food) through the lining of the
  digestive tract and into the blood stream.
• Mostly, food is absorbed in the small intestine
  via Villi.

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What is a Villi?

• Folds in the large and small intestines
• Where simple nutrients are absorbed

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Science Review

• Topic 2 The Respiratory System

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Topic 2 The Respiratory System

• General importance
• Function
• Anatomy
• Physiology

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General Importance

• The respiratory system provides our body with O2
  (needed oxygen)
• This oxygen with the input of the digestive
  system, leads to cellular respiration which gives
  us energy
• O2 glucose ? water CO2 ENERGY

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Time out

• O2 glucose ? water CO2 ENERGY

Oxygen from the respiratory system combine with
glucose (sugar) from the digestive system in the
cell, and produces water, carbon dioxide and
energy The Circulatory system brings the oxygen
and nutrients to the cell, and takes the waste
away.
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Topic 2 The Respiratory System

• General importance
• Anatomy
• Respiratory Pathway
• Sites of Diffusion
• Physiology

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Anatomy

• The Passage ways of the respiratory system
• Nasal Cavity
• Pharynx
• Trachea (Larynx)
• Bronchi
• Lungs
• Bronchiole
• Alveoli

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Anatomy

• The respiratory system
• Nasal Cavity
• Warms the air
• Capillaries
• Filters the air
• Nose hair (cilia)
• Moistens the air
• Mucous Glands

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Anatomy

• The respiratory system
• Pharynx
• Shared with the digestive system

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Anatomy

• The respiratory system
• Trachea (Larynx)
• Stops foreign particles
• From entering

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Anatomy

• The respiratory system
• Bronchi
• Division of the Trachea
• Goes into the lungs

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Anatomy

• The respiratory system
• Lungs
• Bronchioles
• Division of the bronchi

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Anatomy

• The respiratory system
• Lungs
• Alveoli

Where diffusion happens. Exchange of Oxygen for
Carbon Dioxide
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Site of Diffusion

• Diffusion
• transport of molecules of a mixture from a region
  of higher concentration to one of lower
  concentration

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Physiology How we breathe?
Inspires (Air enters) Expires (Air exists)
Ribs Move up and out Move down and in
Intercostal muscles Contract Relax
Diaphragm Contract move down Relaxes moves up
Lung Volume increases Volume Decreases
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Lungs and Fluids

• Inspiration
• The diaphragm and the intercostals muscles
  contract
• This increases the volume of the lungs, therefore
  decreasing the pressure and making it smaller
  than the exterior air pressure.
• The outside air moves to fill in the ''empty''
  space and therefore moves into the lungs to
  equalize the pressure

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Lungs and Fluids

• Expiration
• The diaphragm and intercostals muscles relax
• The lungs decrease in volume
• The pressure inside the lungs becomes higher that
  the exterior air pressure
• The air moves from the area of high pressure
  (your lungs) to the area of low pressure (outside)

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Science Review

• Topic 3 The Circulatory System

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Anatomy

• The circulatory system is the UPS system of your
  body it delivers nutrients, O2 and waste where it
  is needed
• O2 glucose ? water CO2 ENERGY
• Blood Vessels
• Heart

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Anatomy

• The Blood Vessels
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Veins
• Venules
• Capillaries

Arteries - going away from the heart
Veins - going towards the heart
Capillaries where the exchanges occur
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Anatomy

• Important Arteries around the heart
• Aorta
• All oxygenated blood (arterial blood) leaves the
  heart from this artery
• Pulmonary arteries
• The de-oxygenated blood leaves the heart towards
  the lungs

The pulmonary arteries are the exception it
does not contain arterial blood
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Anatomy

• Important Veins around the heart
• Vena Cava (inferior and superior)
• Blood from the body enters the heart by these two
  veins
• Pulmonary veins
• Oxygenated blood (arterial blood) from the lungs
  enter the heart

The pulmonary veins are the exception it does
not contain venous blood
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Anatomy

• The Heart
• Stimulates the movement of the blood
• Hollow muscle with 4 cavities/chambers
• Right Atrium
• Right Ventricle
• Left Atrium
• Left Ventricle

RA
LA
RV
LV
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Anatomy

• Blood always circulates from an atrium to a
  ventricle.

ATRIUM
Atrioventricular valve
VENTRICLE
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Anatomy

• The Heart
• The contractions of the heart causes blood to
  circulate
• For the blood to fill the atria, the heart is at
  rest (diastole)
• To exit the atria, and later to exit the
  ventricle the heart must contract (systole)

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Anatomy

• The heart
• Pulmonary Circulation
• Brings blood to and from the lungs
• Systemic Circulation
• Brings blood to and from the cells

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Circulations

• Left side of the heart
• Oxygen from the lungs travels through the
  pulmonary veins to the left atrium
• The heart then contracts and pumps the blood from
  the left atrium to the left ventricle
• The heart pumps again and pushes the oxygen rich
  blood from the ventricle to the aorta
• The blood then travels through various arteries
  to get to the capillaries and the cells, where
  diffusion occurs

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Circulations

• Right side of the heart
• The blood, now rich in CO2, travels through the
  capillaries and various veins until it reaches
  the superior vena cava or the inferior vena cava
• From the vena cava, the CO2 rich blood enters the
  right Atrium.
• The heart contracts and pumps the blood from the
  right atrium to the right ventricle
• The heart pumps again and pushes the CO2 rich
  blood from the ventricle to the pulmonary
  arteries where it will return to the lungs to
  exchange the CO2 for O2

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Circulations

• The proper way to divide the circulations of the
  body is the following
• Systemic Circulation
• From the heart (LV) to the cell and then back to
  the heart (RA)
• Pulmonary Circulation
• From the heart (RV) to the lungs and then back to
  the heart (LA)

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Blood

• Components
• 1. Plasma 55
• 2. Red blood cells (RBC) 45
• 3. White blood cells (WBC) (less than 1)
• 4. Platelets (less than 1)

Plasma Liquid part of the blood Red blood cells
carries oxygen and carbon dioxide White blood
cells - protect your system Platelets allow
blood to coagulate
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Blood types

• Certain substances (agglutinogens) are found on
  the membrane of the red blood cell
• Substance A
• Substance B
• Rh factor
• The presence of these substances determines your
  blood type

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Transfusions

• The injection of blood into a person
• Donor and Recipient
• Rule of transfusions
• The donors blood must not carry substances that
  differ from those on the red blood cells of the
  recipient. Their blood must be compatible.

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Blood Compatibility
Donors Donors Donors Donors Donors Donors Donors Donors
AB AB- A A- B B- O O-
R E C I P I E N T S AB
R E C I P I E N T S AB-
R E C I P I E N T S A
R E C I P I E N T S A-
R E C I P I E N T S B
R E C I P I E N T S B-
R E C I P I E N T S O
R E C I P I E N T S O-
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Compatibility

• Transfusions are possible when both donor and
  recipient have the same blood type
• People with type O- can donate to anybody and are
  called universal donors
• People with type AB can receive from anybody and
  are called universal recipients

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Senses (sight and hearing)
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How do we perceive our world?

• 80 of what we perceive is based on sight
• 3 types of neurons
• 1) Sensory Neurons
• Captures the information coming from the senses
  (from the sensory organs to the cerebrum)
• 2) Motor Neurons
• Transmits to the muscles the command given by the
  brain (from the cerebrum to the muscle)
• 3) Inter neurons
• Ensures the transmission of the influx to all
  neurons

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• Central Nervous system
• Brain consists of the cerebrum, the cerebellum
  and the brain stem
• The brain is protected by many various layers
• Skin
• Skull bone
• Fluids
• Interestingly enough, your brain does not
  have any nerves in it and therefore cannot feel
  pain.

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Pathway of light stimuli through the body

• In the Eye
• Cornea
• Aqueous humour
• Pupil
• Lens
• Vitreous humour
• Retina
• Through the nervous system
• Optic Nerve
• Brain (brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum)

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From the speaker to your brain

• The path of sound
• Sound which causes the air to vibrate
• These vibrations are caught by the auricle and
  are concentrated in the auditory canal
• The vibrations cause the ear drum to vibrate,
  which then starts a chain reaction in the
  ossicles.
• The vibrations make it all the way to the
  vestibule, where they travel through liquid
• The hairs of the cochlea pick up on these
  vibrations and signal the nervous cells that then
  transfer to the brain the information via nervous
  impulse

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Pathway of sound stimuli

• Auricle
• Auditory canal
• Eardrum
• Ossicles
• Cochlea
• Auditory nerve
• Brain

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Waves

• Sound
• Mechanical longitudinal wave
• Sound requires a material medium to propagate
  itself (in space no one can hear you scream)
• The speed at which sound travels depends on the
  material medium
• In air 340 m/s (compared with light 300 000 km/s