Fashion Marketing

1
Chapter 6
Textiles and Production
Textiles and Fashion
2
Chapter Objectives

• Discuss the fiber properties that determine
  appropriate end use and quality of fabrics.
• Identify the main natural fibers.
• Identify the main manufactured fibers.
• Explain the importance of fabric in fashion.
• Discuss how synthetic fibers are produced.
• Identify the two primary methods for making
  fibers into fabrics.

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Fabrics and Fibers

• The basic building blocks for all fabrics are
  fibers.

fabrics long pieces of cloth
fibers thin, hairlike strands that are the
basic units used to make fabrics and textile
products
Section 6.1
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Characteristics of Fibers
Fashion and Fibers
Appearance
Strength
Absorbency
Different fibers have specific properties that
affect the characteristics of fabric.
Warmth
Shrinkage
Price
Section 6.1
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Fabrics and Fibers

• Yarns are spun from fibers and are used to make
  fabric.

yarns uninterrupted threads of textile fibers
that are ready to be turned into fabrics
Fibers are spun into yarn, and the yarn is used
to make fabric
Section 6.1
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Types of Fibers
Fashion and Fibers
Manufactured
Natural
Leathers and furs are not fibers, but they are
used in theapparel industry.
Section 6.1
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Natural Fibers

• Natural fibers are a main product in the fashion
  industry.

natural fibers textile fibers made from plants
or animals

• Natural Fibers to Know
• Cotton
• Linen (Flax)
• Wool
• Silk
• Leather/Suede
• Fur

Section 6.1
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Cotton
Natural Fibers
The most important textile fiber used by the
fashion industry
Disadvantages
Advantages

• Comfortable
• Absorbent
• Washable
• Strong
• Inexpensive

• Shrinks in hot water
• Wrinkles easily

END USES Wide range of apparel blouses,
dresses, skirts, pants, underwear, linens
Section 6.1
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Linen
Natural Fibers
Linen is a fabric made from the woody stem of
the flax plant.
Disadvantages
Advantages

• Wrinkles easily
• Can be expensive
• Shrinks
• Holds creases

• Strong
• Comfortable
• Absorbent
• Durable
• Lint-free

END USES dresses, suits, jackets, home
furnishings, draperies, table linens,dish
towels Linen originally used for bedding
thats where we got the name linens
Section 6.1
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Wool
Natural Fibers
Wool fibers come from the shaved hair of sheep
or lambs. Also can be from Cashmere or Angora
goat hair fibers.
Disadvantages
Advantages

• Warm
• Lightweight
• Wrinkle-resistant
• Absorbent
• Comfortable
• Durable

• Shrinks with heat andmoisture
• Needs special care,dry cleaning
• Scratchy on skin

END USES sweaters, coats, suits, jackets,
skirts, socks, scarves. Also carpets,
upholstery and blankets.
Section 6.1
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Natural Fibers

• Silkworm cocoons are used
• to make silk fiber, the only natural-filament
  fiber.

filament a very long, fine, continuous thread
Section 6.1
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Silk
Natural Fibers
Disadvantages
Advantages

• Soft
• Drapes well
• Dyes and prints well
• Very strong
• Lightweight

• Expensive
• Needs special care,dry cleaning
• Stains with water

END USES evening gowns, wedding gowns, lingerie,
scarves, neckties. Also curtains and decorative
pillows
Section 6.1
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Leather made from animal skins through a
process called tanning. Can be made into
suede with special equipment.
Natural Fibers
Disadvantages
Advantages

• Durable
• Comfortable
• Warm

• Scarce
• Expensive

END USES Coats, jackets, shoes, handbags,
gloves, belts. Also upholstery and decorating
accessories
Section 6.1
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Fur- soft, hairy coat of an animal
Natural Fibers
Disadvantages
Advantages

• Durable
• Soft
• Flexible
• Warm

• Scarce
• Expensive

Some consumer groups advocate discontinuing the
use of fur products, which has resulted in the
production of faux, or imitation, fur.
END USES coats, jackets, hats. Also bed throws,
rugs.
Section 6.1
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Manufactured Fibers

• Manufactured fibers costs less than natural
  fibers.

manufactured fibers fibers created by a
manufacturing process of any substance that is
not a fiber

• Manufactured Fibers to Know
• Rayon
• Nylon
• Polyester
• Acrylic
• Spandex
• Microfibers
• Lyocell

Section 6.1
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Manufactured Fibers

• Nylon was invented in 1938 and was the first
  synthetic fiber. Nylon is made from
  petrochemicals.
• Acrylic was originally used for blankets and
  sweaters because it resembles wool. Today
  year-round sweaters and socks are made with
  acrylic.
• Polyester was first produced commercially in 1953
  and is the most widely sold synthetic fiber in
  the world.

Section 6.1
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Manufactured Fibers

• Spandex dramatically changed the swimwear and
  foundations (underwear) industry. Spandex can
  stretch over 500 percent without breaking. The
  brand name for spandex is Lycra.
• A new trend in fashion is the use of microfiber
  fabrics. Fabrics made from microfibers provide
  gentle drape and incredible softness.
• Lyocell is the newest of the cellulosic
  manufactured fibers. The chemicals used in
  production are recycled, and lyocell is
  biodegradable.

Section 6.1
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Manufactured Fibers

• Microfiber technology produces fibers that weigh
  less than 1.0 denier.

denier a unit of measurement used to identify
the thickness or diameter of a fiber

• Two times finer than silk
• Three times finer than cotton
• Eight times finer than wool
• 100 times finer than a human hair

Section 6.1
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Fiber Trade Associations

• The leading natural fiber trade associations
  include

• Cotton Incorporated
• National Cotton Council
• Woolmark Americas, Inc.
• Mohair Council of America

Section 6.1
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6.1

• What are the four main natural fibers?
• Cotton, linen, wool, silk
• What are the primary advantages and disadvantages
  of leather/suede?
• Advantages durable, comfortable, warm
• Disadvantages scarce, expensive
• What are three more recent manufactured fibers?
• Spandex, microfiber, lyocell

1.
2.
3.
Section 6.1
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Chapter 6
Textiles and Production
Making Textiles
22

• Textile Processes Past and Present
• The first modern factories for natural fiber
  textiles were built during the Industrial
  Revolution of the 18th century in England.

Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793.
In 1801, Joseph Jacquard invented a loom that
automated the placement of threads in the weaving
process.
In the early 1800s, the steam engine powered more
than 100,000 looms and 9 million spindles in
Britain.
Today, technological advances have enabled the
invention of synthetic fibers and computerized
textile processes.
Section 6.2
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Making Synthetic Fibers
extrusion a synthetic textile process in which
solid raw materials are dissolved by chemicals or
melted with heat to form a thick liquid that is
extruded, or forced out, through the tiny holes
of a device called a spinneret to create long
fibers finished fabric fabric that has gone
through all the necessary finishing processes and
is ready to be used in the manufacturing of
garments

• Most synthetic and cellulosic manufactured fibers
  are created by extrusion.
• A finished fabric is ready to be used for
  manufacturing garments

Section 6.2
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How Fibers Become Fabrics

• Weaving and knitting are the two primary methods
  for making fibers into fabric.

Section 6.2
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Weaves and Knits

• Weaves are usually made on a loom, which
  interlaces two sets of yarns at right angles to
  each other.
• Large quantities of fabrics are produced by
  industrial looms.

weaves woven fabrics that are composed of two
sets of yarns with one set running the length and
the other set running crosswise
Section 6.2
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Types of Weaves and Knits

• Some knits have their yarns running along the
  length of the fabric, while others have their
  yarns running across the width of the fabric.

knits knitted fabrics made from only one set of
yarns that runs in the same direction Knit
fabrics are held together by looping the yarns
around each other, which gives natural
flexibility and stretch.
Section 6.2
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Textiles and Fashion Marketing - Summary

• Yarns and fibers are transformed into fabrics
  through the magic of creativity and technology,
  which play a major role in the characteristics
  and final designs of finished fabrics.
• Textiles, including fibers, yarns, and fabrics as
  well as fur and leather are the basic building
  blocks of all fashion products that are marketed
  to consumers.

Section 6.2
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6.1

• What are the four main natural fibers?
• Cotton, linen, wool, silk
• What are the primary advantages and disadvantages
  of leather/suede?
• Advantages durable, comfortable, warm
• Disadvantages scarce, expensive
• What are three more recent manufactured fibers?
• Spandex, microfiber, lyocell

1.
2.
3.
Section 6.1
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6.2

• How are synthetic fabrics produced?
• Most synthetics are created by the extrusion
  process.
• What are the two primary ways of turning fibers
  into fabric?
• Weaving and knitting
• Name an invention that greatly increased speed of
  processing of fibers?
• Steam engine or loom or computerized processes

4.
5.
6.
Section 6.2
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Checking Concepts

1. Explain the difference between weaves and knits.
   Weaves are woven fabric composed of 2 sets of
   yarns running lengthwise and crosswise. Knits
   are knitted fabrics made from only 1 set of yarns
   running in same direction.

Critical Thinking

1. Explain how and why natural fiber associations
   promote their industry.

31
Chapter Objectives

• Discuss the fiber properties that determine
  appropriate end use and quality of fabrics.
• Identify the main natural fibers.
• Identify the main manufactured fibers.
• Explain the importance of fabric in fashion.
• Discuss how synthetic fibers are produced.
• Identify the two primary methods for making
  fibers into fabrics.