Future Directions For IP Architectures Ipv6

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Future Directions ForIP ArchitecturesIpv6

• Cs686
• Sadik Gokhan Caglar

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Contents

• Introduction
• Differences between IPv4 IPv6
• IPv6 Addressing
• Differences between IPv4 IPv6
• The additional headers
• Conclusion
• References

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Introduction IPv4 problems

• The recent exponential growth of the Internet and
  the exhaustion of IPv4 address space
• The ability of Internet backbone routers to
  maintain large routing tables

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Introduction IPv4 problems

• The need for simpler configuration
• The requirement for security at the IP level
• The need for better support for real-time
  delivery of data (QoS)

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Introduction IPv6 Features

• New header format
• Large address space
• Efficient and hierarchical addressing
• Built-in security
• Better support for QoS
• Extensibility

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Differences between IPv4 IPv6

• 32 bit addresses
• IPSec support optional
• Header includes a checksum
• Header includes options
• ARP frames are used for resolving addresses

• 128 bit addresses
• IPSec support required
• No checksum in header
• Optional data is moved to extension headers
• ARP is replaced by Neighbor solication messages

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Differences between IPv4 IPv6

• Broadcast addresses are used to send traffic to
  all nodes in subnet
• Uses host addresses A, resource records in DNS to
  map host names to IP addresses
• Must support a 576 byte packet size (Possibly
  Fragmented)

• No broadcast address es are used. A multi- cast
  address is used
• Uses AAAA resource records in the DNS to map
  host names to IP addresses
• Must support a 1280 byte packet size without
  fragmentation

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IPv6 Addressing

• Number of IPv4 addresses 4,294,967,296
• Number of IPv6 addresses 340,282,266,920,938,463,
  463,374,607,431,768,211,465 (or 3.41038)
• For every square meter of earth there are
  655,570,793,348,866,943,898,599 (6.51023)

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IPv6 Syntax

• 128 bit addresses are divided into 16 bit blocks.
• The 16 bit blocks are converted to 4 digit
  hexadecimal numbers and separated by colons
• 0010000111011010 0000000011010011
  0000000000000000 0010111100111011
  0000001010101010 0000000011111111
  1111111000101000 1001110001011010
• 21DA00D300002F3B02AA00FFFE289C5A

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Zero Suppression And Compression

• Zero suppression
• 21DA00D300002F3B02AA00FFFE289C5A
• 21DAD302F3B2AAFFFE289C5A
• Zero compression
• FE800002AAFFFE9A4CA2
• FE802AAFFFE9A4CA2

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Types of IPv6 Addresses

• Unicast addresses Identifies a single interface
  within the scope of the type unicast address.
• Multicast addresses Identifies multiple
  interfaces. One to Many.
• Anycast addresses Identifies multiple
  interfaces. One to One of Many.

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Unicast Addresses

• TLA ID Top level aggregator. The highest level
  in routing hierarchy.
• Res Reserved for future use.
• NLA ID Next level agg. Specific customer site.
• SLA ID Site level agg. Identify subnets.
• Interface ID Shows the interface on subnet.

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Multicast Addresses

• Flags Indicates the flags set on the multicast
  address.
• Scope Indicates the scope of the IPv6
  Internetwork which the traffic is intended.
• Group ID Identifies the multicast group and is
  unique within the scope.

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Anycast Addresses

• All router interfaces attached to a subnet are
  assigned the subnet-Router anycast address for
  that subnet.

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IPv4 IPv6 addresses

• Multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4)
• Broadcast addresses
• Unspecified add. is 0.0.0.0
• Loopback add is 127.0.0.1
• Public IP address
• Private IP addresses
• DNS name resolution (A) resource record
• DNS reverse resolution IN-ADDR.ARPA domain

• IPv6 multicast addresses (FF00/8)
• N/A
• Unspecified address is
• Loopback address is 1
• Global unicast address
• Site local addresses
• DNS name resolution AAAA resource record
• DNS reverse resolution IP6.INT domain or IP6.ARPA

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IPv4 IPv6 Headers
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The Additional Headers
Value Header
0 Hop-by-Hop options head.
6 TCP
17 UDP
41 Encapsulated IPv6 h.
43 Routing header
44 Fragmentation header
46 RSVP header
50 Encapsulating security payload
51 Authentication header
58 ICMPv6
59 No next header
60 Destination options head.
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Hop-byHop Options Header

• Used to specify delivery parameters at each hop
  on the path to destination.
• Pad1 option Insert a single byte of padding.
• PadN option Insert 2 or more bytes.
• Jumbo Payload option 4,294 kb gt P gt 65 kb
• Router Alert option Multicast or RSVP.

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Destination Options Header

• Used to specify packet delivery parameters for
  either intermediate destinations or final.

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Routing Header

• Used to specify the route from source to
  destination.

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Fragment Header
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Authentication Header

• Provides Data authentication anti-replay
  protection.
• SPI Identifies a spesific IPSec SA.
• Sequence number Anti-replay protection.

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Encapsulating SecurityHeader Trailer
ESP provides data confidentiality, data
authentication and data integrity services for
the payload.
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ICMPv6 Header

• Type Indicates the type of message. Error
  messages start with 1, info messages start with
  0.
• Code Differentiates among multiple messages. If
  there is only one message it is set to 0.

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ICMPv6 Error Messages

• Destination unreachable
• Packet too big
• Time Exceeded
• Parameter Problem

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ICMPv6 Informational Messages

• Echo request
• Echo reply
• Multicast Listener Query
• Multicast Listener Report
• Multicast Listener Done
• Neighbor discovery message

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Conclusion

• The IPv6 helps to overcome some of the problems
  that IPv4 cant such as
• Provides a bigger address space
• Provides a fully hierarchical routing
• Provides a simpler configuration
• Provides security at IP level
• Provides a better QoS

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References

• http//www.microsoft.com/technet/network/ipvers6.a
  sp
• http//194.52.182.96/rfc/rfc1884.html
• http//www.cisco.com/warp/public/774/6.html
• http//www.ipv6.org/