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Observing Users (Introducing C3: User Focus and Perspective)

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Title: 0H600: Introduction User Interface Design Author: jterken Last modified by: Student Created Date: 9/10/2001 10:44:54 AM Document presentation format – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Observing Users (Introducing C3: User Focus and Perspective)


1
Observing Users (Introducing C3 User Focus and
Perspective)
  • Jacques Terken
  • ID Unit Communication
  • Research group UCE (User-Centered Engineering)

2
Agressie opgewekt door interactie met systemen
3
Belang van User Focus volgens bedrijven
4
Relationship between Effort and Costs
  • Fixing an error in the early product development
    phase costs about 2-10
  • Fixing an error in the late product development
    phase costs about 500-1000
  • Conclusion the more effort at the beginning,
    the less cost at the end!

(ref. Barry Boehm, Software Engineering
Economics. 1981, Englewood Cliffs, ISBN
3-7719-6301-X)
5
Opdracht
  • Ontwerpen van gebruiksvriendelijke interfaces
    voor interactieve systemen/producten/diensten
  • HCI ? Ergonomie
  • Discussie
  • De intuitieve interface
  • Case mobiele telefoon

6
Bronnen
  • Voorafgaande kennis (Literatuur/Richtlijnen/Standa
    ards/Eigen ervaring etc)
  • Informatie van en over gebruikers verkregen door
    middel van gebruikerstest, interviews etc

7
User research
8
Utility vs Usability
  • Schackel (1991)
  • Onderscheid Utility Usability Likeability
  • utility--will the system/product do what is
    needed functionally?
  • usability--will the users actually work it
    successfully?
  • likeability--will the users feel it is suitable?

9
Requirements
  • Functionele requirements Wat moet het systeem
    doen (omvat Constraints)
  • methoden observatie, analyse van documenten,
    interviews,
  • resultaat bijv. In de vorm van dataflow diagram

10
  • Niet-functionele/ usability requirements
    (Schackel)
  • Throughput/Effectiveness
  • Performance in accomplishment of tasks--the
    access to potential utility
  • (Usability metrics tasks accomplished, speed of
    task execution, errors made )
  • Learnability
  • Degree of learning to accomplish tasks--the
    effort required to access utility
  • Flexibility
  • Adaptation to variation in tasks--the range of
    tasks for which there is utility
  • Attitude
  • User satisfaction with system--the manifestation
    of potential likeability

11
Usability
  • ISO /DIS 9241
  • Usability The effectiveness, efficiency, and
    satisfaction with which specified users achieve
    specified goals in particular environments.
  • Effectiveness The accuracy and completeness with
    which specified users can achieve specified goals
    in particular environments.
  • Efficiency The resources expended in relation to
    the accuracy and completeness of goals achieved.
  • Satisfaction The comfort and acceptability of
    the work system to its users and other people
    affected by its use.

12
Ontwerpsituaties
  • Interface voor bestaand systeem verbeteren
  • Interface ontwikkelen als onderdeel van
    ontwikkeling van nieuw systeem
  • Doel in beide situaties ontwerpen van
    gebruiksvriendelijke interface

13
Ontwerpcyclus
  • Definitie
  • Requirements (eigenaar?)
  • Specificaties (high level/low level)
  • Implementatie
  • Evaluatie
  • Release (Sales, After sales)
  • Sleutelwoord iteratief
  • http//www.usabilitynet.org/home.htm

14
Mental models and Everyday reasoning
  • You arrive home on a cold winters night to a
    cold house. How do you get the house to warm up
    as quickly as possible? Set the thermostat to be
    at its highest or to the desired temperature?

15
Heating up a room that is thermostat-controlled
  • Many people have erroneous mental models
    (Kempton, 1996)
  • General valve theory, where more is more
    principle is generalised to different settings
    (e.g. gas pedal, gas cooker, tap, radio volume)
  • Thermostats based on model of on-off switch model

16
Heating up a room that is thermostat-controlled
  • Same is often true for understanding how
    interactive devices and computers work
  • Poor, often incomplete, easily confusable, based
    on inappropriate analogies and superstition
    (Norman, 1983)
  • e.g. frozen cursor/screen - most people will bash
    all manner of keys

17
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18
Kennisniveaus
  • Rasmussen (1986)
  • Skills
  • Geautomatiseerde, sterk geintegreerde
    gedragspatronen die plaats vinden zonder bewuste
    controle
  • Rules
  • de gebruiker beschikt over stelsel van regels of
    procedures op basis van eerdere confrontaties,
    uit een instructie, of via iemand anders
  • General knowledge
  • in onbekende situaties, waar de gebruiker geen
    kennis of regels beschikbaar heeft op basis van
    eerdere confrontaties, stelt hij/zij en plan op
    (of meerdere alternatieve plannen), en probeert
    de utkomst te voorspellen op basis van een
    analyse van de eigenschappen van de situatie
    (model-gebaseerd)

19
Mentaal model
  • Mentaal model verzameling regels over hoe het
    systeem bediend moet worden
  • Knowledge-based approach
  • Gebruiker genereert hypothesen over hoe het
    systeem bediend moet worden op basis van algemene
    kennis en de manier waarop het systeem zich
    presenteert
  • Hypothese testen positief resultaat leidt tot
    regel

20
Visibility
21
  • Resident pathogens
  • Latent error opportunities embedded in system
    complexity, procedures, training inadequacies
    etc.
  • Include design errors due to wrong affordance
    and mapping

22
Affordance (Norman)
  • Refers to the perceived and actual properties of
    a thing
  • Primarily those fundamental properties that
    determine just how the thing
  • Could possibly be used
  • Cannot be possibly used

23
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24
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25
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26
Opdracht
  • Lees voorwoord en hoofdstuk 1 van Norman
    (introduceert en illustreert begrippen zoals
    visibility, mapping en affordance)
  • Formeer groepjes van 3 a 4 personen en bestudeer
    in de omgeving hoe mensen met artefacten omgaan.
    Let daarbij speciaal op de affordance van de
    artefacten
  • Beschrijf de activiteiten en de observaties in
    een kort verslag

27
Verdere informatie
  • http//www.ipo.tue.nl/homepages/jterken/ID/Course_
    Materials.htm
  • (Further reading, met verwijzingen naar
    nuttige/vermakelijke websites)
  • http//www.hcibib.org/hci-sites/
  • http//www.baddesigns.com/examples.html
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