Phenotype

1
??????????????????
????????????????? ???????????????? ??????
?????? ?????????-????
Phenotype Genotype Environment
2
Genotype Gene ???????????? Chromosome ?????????
??????????????????
????????????? Genetic code ?????????????????? ?
????????????-?????????
3
?????????????????? ????????? /
genotype ?????????? ?????????????????????? ??
?????? / phenotype genotype to
phenotype ???????? ??? ??????
4
????????
????????? / ?????????????????
???????? DNA deoxyribonucleic
acid ???????????? genetic material
?????? histone ?????? ????????????????????????
5
Chromosome packaging
6
????????
???????????????? polynucleotide chain 2
??? ???????????????? double helix
?????????? ??? ???????? Purine, Pu ??? ?????????
Pyrimidine, Py ?????? ????????????
Deoxyribose ?????????? Phosphate group
7
????????
???????????
??????? Adenine, A
?????? Guanine, G
8
????????
????????????
??????? Cytosine, C
????? Thymine, T
9
Nucleoside Base Deoxyribose sugar
Nucleotide Base Sugar Phosphate
Polynucleotide Nucleotide ?????????? Phosphodies
ter bond (????????????????????) ??????? ??????
??? ??????
10
????????
?????????????????? ?????????????????????? ???
5 ?? 3
???????????????? 2 ???? ???????????????? Antipar
allel
11
????????
Double helix 1 turn 3.4 nm Major groove Minor
groove Hydrogen bond Purine Pyrimidine
Complementary bases Complementary strands
12
????????
A T 2 bonds
C G 3 bonds
13
????????????????????????
???????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???????????
???????????? ????????????? ????????? ???
?????????????????
???????? ?????????? ?????????????
14
??????????????????????? ???????????? ??? 1 ????
2 ???????.... ???????? ?????????????????
???????????????? ????????? replication double
helix ????????????? template/?????? complementary
base ??????????????? semi conservative
15
Replication
Template strand ????????????????? ??? 3 ?? 5
Complementary strand ???????????????? ??? 5 ??
3
???????? ????? ???? 2 ??? ?????????????
16
Replication
- ???????????????? DNA template - ??????? DNA
polymerase - ???????????? (dNTPs) deoxyribonucleos
ide triphosphates dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP -
???????? (RNA/DNA primer) ?????? ??????? ???
?????????? ?????
17
???????? ?????????????? ????????????????????? ??
????????????????????????????? ??-?? 0.25
??-???????? 20
??????????????????? ???????? ???
???????? ????????????????????????????????????????
?? ?????????????? ??????????????????????
18
????? Genome
???????? (??? / ?????? / ?????)
??????? ????????????????????? ( usu. haploid, 1n)
Human genome 3 109 base pair Plant
genome gymnosperm 70 109 base
pair angiosperm 5-30 109 base pair Bacterial
genome 1.5 107 base pair
19
???????????? ??? ????????????????????????? Arabid
opsis 100 Mbase Human 3000 Mbase Maize 4500 M
base ?????? 30,000 ???
???????? ?????????????????? ??? ?????????
20
????????
????????? Nuclear genome ???????????? Mitochondri
al genome ??????????? Chloroplast genome
21
Mitochondria
Bacteria Oxidative phosphorylation Respiration ATP
22
Chloroplast
Bacteria Photosynthetic function
23
?????????????????????????????? (Ct ??? Mt)
????????????????????????????? ????????
??????????????? ????????????????????????? ????????
?????????????????????
24
????????????????????????????
?????????????????????-??? ?????? ?????????????? ?
?????????? ????????? ????????????
??????????? ?????????? uniparental
inheritance biparental inheritance
25
????????????????
??????????????? complementary base ??????????????
???? ???? 5 ??? 3 ????????????????????????
???? ???? 5 ??? 3 ?????????????????? 3