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Seeing the InvisibleMaking the EMS Concrete

• Christine Anne Royce, Ed.D.
• Shippensburg University
• Shippensburg, PA
• All materials are available at
• http//webspace.ship.edu/caroyc/SeeingtheInvisible
  .htm

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

• The full range of frequencies, from radio waves
  to gamma rays, that characterizes light
• The electromagnetic spectrum can be expressed in
  terms of energy, wavelength, or frequency. Each
  way of thinking about the EM spectrum is related
  to the others in a precise mathematical way.
• The wavelength equals the speed of light divided
  by the frequency or lambda c / nu

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Electromagnetic Radiation

• Electromagnetic radiation can be described in
  terms of a stream of photons, each traveling in a
  wave-like pattern, moving at the speed of light
  and carrying some amount of energy.
• The only difference between radio waves, visible
  light, and gamma-rays is the energy of the
  photons. Radio waves have photons with low
  energies, microwaves have a little more energy
  than radio waves, infrared has still more, then
  visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma-rays.

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Modeling the Spectrum Activity

• Helps to explain the electromagnetic spectrum and
  dispels some of the common misconceptions.
• Paper and pencil project that requires the use of
  math skills as well.

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Wavelength and Frequency

• For any kind of wave there exists a simple
  relationship between wavelength and frequency.
• The wavelength is measured as the distance
  between two successive crests in a wave. The
  frequency is the number of wave crests that pass
  a given point in space each second.

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Understanding Waves

• The traditional slinky lab as well as other
  activities to help understand waves.
• An activity that allows students to experiment
  with waves-longitudinal and transverse.
• Found in Waves Light Up the Universe Booklet
  http//swift.sonoma.edu/education/waves_universe.h
  tml

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Radio(Low Frequency Very High Frequency)

• Emitted by
• Astronomical Objects
• Radio Station transmitters
• Detected by
• Ground based radio telescopes
• Radios

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Umbrella Receiver Demo

• Students discover a method of collecting radio
  frequencies by using an umbrella receiver.

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Microwave

• Emitted by
• Gas clouds collapsing into stars
• Microwave Ovens
• Radar Stations
• Cell Phones
• Detected by
• Microwave Telescopes
• Food (heated)
• Cell phones
• Radar systems)

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Infrared(Near and Thermal)

• Emitted by
• Sun and stars (Near)
• TV Remote Controls
• Food Warming Lights (Thermal)
• Everything at room temp or above
• Detected by
• Infrared Cameras
• TVs, VCRs,
• Your skin

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Herschels Experiment

• Herschels Experiment
• Discovered Invisible Light
• In 1800, Herschel places his control thermometer
  just outside the red end of the spectrum
• Result The outside thermometer registered the
  highest temperature

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Conducting Herschels Experiment

• Set up of Box Design for Conducting the Herschel
  Experiment.

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Conducting Hershels Experiment

• Place a sheet of white paper inside a cardboard
  box
• Tape three thermometers together and place inside
  box
• Cut a small notch in the top of the box and
  position a glass prism so that the spectrum is
  projected inside the box
• Arrange the thermometers so that one is just
  outside the red end of the spectrum, with no
  visible light falling on it

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Visible

• Emitted by
• The sun and other astronomical objects
• Laser pointers
• Light bulbs
• Detected by
• Cameras (film or digital)
• Human eyes
• Plants (red light)
• Telescopes

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Red Sky Blue Sky

• A demonstration used to illustrate how the gases
  in the atmosphere scatter some wavelengths of
  visible light more than others.

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Ultraviolet

• Emitted by
• Tanning booths (A)
• The sun (A)
• Black light bulbs (B)
• UV lamps
• Detected by
• Space based UV detectors
• UV Cameras
• Flying insects (flies)

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X-ray

• Emitted by
• Astronomical objects
• X-ray machines
• CAT scan machines
• Older televisions
• Radioactive minerals
• Airport luggage scanners
• Detected by
• Space based X-ray detectors
• X-ray film
• CCD detectors

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Chandra X-ray Observatory

• Chandra is designed to observe X-rays from high
  energy regions of the universe, such as the
  remnants of exploded stars.
• The most sophisticated observatory built to date.
• Deployed by the Space Shuttle Columbia on July
  23, 1999,

Chandra X-ray Observatory
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XMM Newton
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XMM Newton

• Its name derives from its three X-ray telescopes,
  each containing 58 high-precision concentric
  mirrors.
• This 'tri-clops' with its golden eyes is more
  than 10 meters long, just able to fit into the
  payload bay of the Ariane-5 rocket. XMM-Newton
  receives power through its pair of solar panels,
  giving it a 16 meter "wing" span.

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Gamma Ray

• Emitted by
• Radioactive materials
• Exploding nuclear weapons
• Gamma-ray bursts
• Solar flares
• Detected by
• Gamma detectors and astronomical satellites
• Medical imaging detectors

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Sources of g-ray Emission

• Black holes
• Active Galaxies
• Pulsars
• Diffuse emission
• Supernovae
• Gamma-ray bursts
• Unidentified

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Source/Detector Activity

• Students identify sources (emitters) and
  detectors of the various wavelengths of the EMS.
• Students also have the opportunity to experiment
  with shields or types of materials that prevent
  the transmission of wavelengths.

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Exploring the EMS withNASA Missions
Radio
Infrared
Visible
UV
X-ray
Gamma ray
Energy (eV)
ASTRO-E2
MAP
Swift
SWAS
Fermi
GALEX
Chandra
HETE-2
RXTE
CHIPS
Con-X
INTEGRAL
XMM-Newton
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And the universe for that matter!
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Contact Information

• Presenters can be contacted at
• Christine Royce caroyce_at_aol.com
• Presentation materials can be found at
• http//webspace.ship.edu/caroyc/SeeingtheInvisible
  .htm
• Materials are available for 30 days following the
  convention.