Web-based Decision Tools for Nursery IPM

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Web-based Decision Tools for Nursery IPM
http//pnwpest.org/farwest05/
Len Coop, Assistant Professor (Senior
Research) Integrated Plant Protection Center,
Botany Plant Pathology Dept. Oregon State
University
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Problems of pest management in Commercial
Nurseries

• Diversity - Huge variety of plants and potential
  pest problems
• Chemical drift potential - Proximity between
  plants leads to unwanted drift, causing plant
  toxicity, secondary pest outbreaks
• Low cosmetic thresholds need for near perfect
  appearance of plants and intolerance for pest
  damages

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IPM has unique aspects in the Nursery industry

• Potential to change environmental conditions for
  some nursery crops
• Need for sustainability beyond nursery setting
• Example control spruce spider mite w/miticide
  harmful to predator mites short term control

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Integrated Pest Management common sense
principles

• No silver bullet
• There is no single best pest control method or
  approach
• Treat causes, not symptoms
• Is that browning of leaves caused by a mite,
  virus, or ?
• Understand the biology e. g. increasing
  humidity a bit could be the long term solution
  with spider mite problems
• Pest presence ? pest problem
• A few aphids in the spring could be attracting
  predators, not threatening your plants
• Wait-and-see vs just-in-case
• Preventative pesticides as insurance is not
  healthy
• If you kill the natural enemies, you inherit
  their work
• Predators and parasites do a great job let them!

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Typical IPM questions and representative decision
tools

• Who? and What? Pest identification keys,
  diagnostic guides, management guides
• Good online support for nursery crops
• When? Phenology models (crops, insects, weeds),
  Risk models (plant diseases)
• Limited online support for nursery crops
• If? Economic thresholds, crop loss models,
  chemical selection, sequential and binomial
  sampling plans
• Some online chemical selection support
  information
• Virtually no online support other areas
• Where? GPS, GIS, precision agriculture
• No online support (most crops)

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Google search strategies
- be specific (2 4 key words often works
well) - Google can spell for you -use and -
in front of a word to force inclusion/exclusion
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Google search greenhouse whitefly poinsettia
http//www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/index.html
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Online decision guidelines and models for the NW
Nursery Industry insects and mites
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Example toxicity ratings of selected compounds to
mite predator and key biocontrol agent,
Neoseiulus fallacis for use in ornamentals
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PNW Pest Management Handbooks -online editions
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Online decision guidelines and models for the NW
Nursery Industry - Weeds
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Nursery IPM pest alerts and email lists
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Navigation -search engine, -menus, -previous/nex
t page, -table of contents
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Search results section links plus version with
highlight matches
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highlight matches result
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Ken gray photos -additional photos search engine
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Key Gray photo search results borer - need to
scroll down to species of interest
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Poplar and Willow borer - numerous additional
damage diagnostics slides for this species beyond
the one linked from the PNW Insect Handbook
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Adult stage photo linked from handbook
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Features of Ken Gray photos
enlarged
standard
unretouched
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Numerous damage diagnostic photos available
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Fact pages (pdf)available for many insects
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Fage pages from R.E. Berry's book Insects and
mites of economic importance in the PNW
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yellow bar links to selected websites of
relevance to the chapter and section
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http//pep.wsu.edu/hortsense/
WSU Extension Hortsense biology and management
of Horticultural crops including
ornamentals (primarily for home gardeners)
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Links to crop profiles and pest management
strategic plans (PMSPs)
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Online decision guidelines and models for the NW
Nursery Industry Plant Diseases
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Example material from the BC Ministry of
Environment Online IPM for landscape pests -
manuallessonshttp//wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/epd/epdpa/
eripm/landshtm/Chap10.htm
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Disease risk models

• Like insects, plant pathogens respond to
  temperature in a more-or less linear fashon.
• Unlike insects, we can measure development in
  degree-hours rather than degree-days.
• In addition, many plant pathogens also require
  moisture at least to begin an infection cycle.

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Some generic disease models applicable to a
variety of diseases and crops Model Disease
Crops
Gubler-Thomas Powdery
Mildew grape, tomato, lettuce, cherry
, hops Broome et al. Botrytis cinerea grape,
strawberry, tomato, flowers Mills
tables scab, powdery apple/pear,
grape mildew TomCast DSV Septoria,
celery, potato, tomato, Alternaria alm
ond Bailey Model Sclerotinia, peanut/bean,
rice, melon rice blast, downy
mildew Xanthocast Xanthomonas walnut --------
--------------------------------------------------
---------
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Practical disease forecasts

FIVE DAY DISEASE WEATHER
FORECAST 1537 PDT WED, OCTOBER 01, 2003
THU FRI SAT SUN
MON DATE 10/02 10/03
10/04 10/05 10/06 ...SALINAS PINE... TEMP
74/49 76/47 72/50 72/49
76/49 RH 66/99 54/96
68/99 68/96 58/96 WIND SPEED MAX/MIN (KT)
10/0 10/0 10/0 10/0 10/0 BOTRYTIS INDEX
0.12 0.03 0.09 0.48
0.50 BOTRYTIS RISK MEDIUM LOW
LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM PWDRY MILDEW HOURS
2.0 5.0 6.5 4.0 4.0 TOMATO LATE
BLIGHT READY SPRAY READY READY
SPRAY XANTHOCAST 1 1 1
1 1 WEATHER DRZL
PTCLDY DRZL DRZL DRZL ------------------------
------------------------------------------- TODAY'
S OBSERVED BI (NOON-NOON) -1.11 MAX/MIN SINCE
MIDNIGHT 70/50 ---------------------------------
---------------------------------- ...ALANFOX...FO
X WEATHER...
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Online decision guidelines and models for the NW
Nursery Industry insects and mites (cont.)
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Weather and Degree-day Concepts in IPM

• Degree-days a unit of accumulated heat, used
  to estimate development of insects, fungi,
  plants, and other organisms which depend on
  temperature for growth.
• Calculation of degree-days (one of several
  methods) DDs avg. temperature - threshold. So,
  if the daily max and min are 80 and 60, and the
  threshold is 50, then we accumulate
• (8060)/2 - 50 20 DDs for the day

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Weather and Degree-day Concepts

1. Degree-day models accumulate a daily "heat unit
   index" (DD total) until some event is expected
   (e. g. egg hatch)

Eggs start developing 0 DDs
152
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126
20
106
22
84
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Eggs hatch 152 cumulative DDs
70
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cumulative
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20
20
daily
70o-50o20DD
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IPPC weather data homepage (http//pnwpest.org/wea
)
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IPPC weather data homepage (http//pnwpest.org/wea
)
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Degree-day models Examples in pest management

• Nursery crops - Eur. Pine Shoot Moth Begin
  sprays at 10 percent flight activity, predicted
  by 1,712 degree-days above 28 F after Jan. 1st.
• Tree Fruits - Codling moth 1st treatment 250 DD
  days after first consistent flight in traps
  (BIOFIX).
• Vegetables - Sugarbeet root maggot if 40-50
  flies are collected in traps by 360 DD from March
  1 then treat.

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Degree-day models standardized user interface
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Link to IWIN forecasts (by zipcode)
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Degree-day models EPS moth example (cont.)
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Degree-day models EPS moth example (cont.)
Key events degree-day look up table results
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Degree-day models EPS moth example (cont.)
Features -missing data estimation, -max-min
temperature forecasts, -historical average
forecasts
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Degree-day models EPS moth example (cont.)
Summary graph current forecast vs historical
average trends
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Thinking in degree-days very little predator
mite activity Oct-Mar
http//pnwpest.org/cgi-bin/ddmodel.pl?sppnfa
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Weather data and maps index page
(http//pnwpest.org/US)
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US and maps / grasslinks index page
Current DDs Historical average DDs Difference
between current and normal DDs
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Grasslinks interactive GIS example NE USA
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Typical IPM questions and representative decision
tools

• Who? and What? Pest identification keys,
  diagnostic guides, management guides
• Good online support for nursery crops
• When? Phenology models (crops, insects, weeds),
  Risk models (plant diseases)
• Limited online support for nursery crops, more
  on the way
• If? Economic thresholds, crop loss models,
  chemical selection, sequential and binomial
  sampling plans
• Some online chemical selection support
  information
• Virtually no online support other areas
• Where? GPS, GIS, precision agriculture
• No online support (most crops)

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Additional (bonus) slides -gt
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Hazards of chemicals first and foremost for pest
control

• Expensive
• Poisonous
• Temporary
• Lead to pest resurgence and secondary pest
  outbreaks (replace one pest w/another)
• Lead to pesticide resistant pests
• Tend to exclude other options (biological,
  cultural, resistant plant varieties)
• Get caught in a pesticide treadmill

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IPM is an information-intensive systems approach
that is both cost effective and environmentally
sustainable

• Not IPM
• ID a symptom, select a broad-spectrum chemical
• IPM can include
• Design production system to exclude, prevent,
  tolerate or otherwise mitigate pests and losses
• ID a problem to species, research its biology
  (life cycle, population dynamics, natural
  biological control, host plant susceptibility,
  potential for pesticide resistance development,
  more), research management options.
• Sample to determine current and future levels,
  potential impact on the plant, biocontrol agents,
  use thresholds
• Evaluate all possible controls based on efficacy,
  compatibility, costs, and potential side effects

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OSU Entomology Ken Gray Slide Collection

• Ken Gray worked for Pacific Supply in Portland
  and took over 30,000 photos of insects and other
  arthropods, then donated them to OSU Entomology
• With help from HP, OSU had over 5000 slides
  digitized and input into a database. Web versions
  made via automated Photoshop adjustments
• The insect handbook links to the collection by
  scientific name. You can search the full online
  collection by common or scientific name
• The database has not been updated, so new pests
  and name revision updates have not happened