Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

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Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles Oct. 24,
2003
Gary Flomenhoft, BSME, MAPP, CEE Research
Associate Gund Institute, SNR Owner
InnEVations.com
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Electric Vehicles 1st Wave 1890-1920
The years 1899 and 1900 were the high point of
electric vehicles in America, as they outsold all
other types of cars.
Source US DOE
Better batteries 10 years away Liars, damn
liars, and battery manufacturers. -Thomas
Edison (Ni-Fe)
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Hubbert Oil Cycle
M. King Hubbert
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Two Views

• Julian Simon view technological developments
  and human ingenuity will yield more resources
• Drowning in oil The Economist, March 6th-12th
  1999, pp. 23-25
• Colin Campbell, et al. use Hubbert curves to
  predict the end of oil
• The End of Cheap Oil Scientific American, March
  1998, pp. 78-83 (Campbell and Laherrere)

S. Gürcan Gülen, Ph.D.
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Ehrlich/Simon bet
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Source-World Oil Extraction
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World Oil Extraction
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Hubbert-Epoch of Fossil Fuel
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World Oil Extraction
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World Oil Extraction
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World Oil Extraction
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Atmospheric CO2 since 1000AD
CO2 PPM
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(No Transcript)
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SINK-CLIMATE CHANGE
Does CO2 change the climate and how bad is it?
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SINK-CLIMATE CHANGE
Does CO2 change the climate and how bad is it?
2 BILLION YEARS
You are here
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SINK-CLIMATE CHANGE
Does CO2 change the climate and how bad is it?
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SINK-CLIMATE CHANGE
Arctic Ice thinned by 40 US subs
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Europe in August 2003
COUNTRY DEATHS DETAILS
France 14,802 Temperatures soared to 104 degrees Fahrenheit in parts of the country temperatures in Paris were the highest since record-keeping began in 1873.
Germany 7000 High temperatures of up to 105.4 degrees Fahrenheit, the hottest since records began in 1901, raised mortality some 10 percent above average.
Spain 4230 High temperatures coupled with elevated ground-level ozone concentrations exceeding the European Union's health-risk threshold.
Italy 4175 Temperatures in parts of the country averaged 16 degrees Fahrenheit higher than previous year.
UK 2045 The first triple digit (Fahrenheit) temperatures were recorded in London.
Neth 1400 Temperatures ranged some 14 degrees warmer than normal.
Portugal 1316 Temperatures were above 104 degrees Fahrenheit throughout much of the country.
Belgium 150 Temperatures exceeded any in the Royal Meteorological Society's records dating back to 1833.
TOTAL 35,118
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CLIMATE DAMAGE
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CLIMATE DAMAGE
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CLIMATE DAMAGE
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1980s 2nd Wave of EVs
Jet Industries
Citi-Car (Beaumont)
Electricar
Lectra
Better batteries 10 years away
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Percentage Sector Contribution to Air Pollution
Emissions (1995)

Source WRI Estimate Based on Data from "National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1995," 1996, EPA 454/R-96-005.
AIR POLLUTION FATALITIES NOW EXCEED TRAFFIC
FATALITIES BY 3 1 http//www.earth-policy.org/Upd
ates/Update17.htm
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US CO2 by Sector (1999)
Source (US EPA)
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Source EPA
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Gas Hog Tax Credit
Hummer H1 Sticker price 106,185 Current
law Equipment deduction 25,000 Total tax
deduction 60,722 Bush economic plan Equipment
deduction 75,000 Total tax deduction 88,722
Includes bonus tax write-off enacted by Congress
in March 2002 and a deduction for normal
depreciation. Sources Detroit News research,
IRS, Taxpayers for Common Sense
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Tom Tomorrow
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If World consumption US Need 4 more planets
Source Center for A New American Dream
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Cars per Thousand People
Source JustAuto.com
Today there are 670 million vehicles in the
world. By 2050 that number is expected to
increase to 4.5 billion or maybe more.
Thomas Gross, US DOE
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Why did automakers build EVs in 90s?
NOT Env. Or MARKET DRIVEN! Gas is cheap. (400
billion annual subsidy)

• 1990-CARB Mandate
• More than 95 of Californians live in areas that
  do not meet health-based federal or state air
  quality standards.
• Approximately 50 of smog-forming pollutants
  come from gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles.
• Although many automobiles sold in California
  today are 98 cleaner than those sold 30 years
  ago, population growth and increased driving may
  soon outpace our ability to improve air quality
  if we rely solely on continued improvements to
  gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles.
• ZEVS required for further reductions

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1990 CA Air Resources Board Mandates
Model Years ZEVs reqd. in CA
1998 2
2001 5
2003-2008 10
2009-2011 11
2012-2014 12
2015-2017 14
2018 16
Requirement modified in 1996
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ZEV EMISSIONS
Do ZEVs simply shift air emissions from one place
to another?
Source CA Air ResourcesBoard
Even when taking into account power plant
emissions, ZEVs are 95 cleaner than even the
lowest emitting conventional vehicle.
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EVs 3rd Wave 1990 First Phase (Small
Conversion companies)
Solar Electric Engineering (US Electricar)
Better batteries 10 years away
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MendoMotive
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InnEVations
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Thunderstruck-EV.com
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1990s 2nd Phase Small Corporations, US
Solectria
Corbin
Tropica (Beaumont)
Better batteries 10 years away
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Europe City-El 5000 Sold Party
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Phase 3 Nearing 1998 Detroit and Japan
Detroit We cant do it. Hire Lawyers.(Cant do
seatbelts, 5mph bumpers, side impact protection,
unleaded gas, better gas mileage, airbags, etc.)
GM EV-1
Gen 1 Lead Acid 70 - 90 miles
Model Years ZEVs reqd. in CA
1998 2
2001 5
2003-2008 10
2009-2011 11
2012-2014 12
2015-2017 14
2018 16
Gen 2 Nickel Metal Hydride 125-150 miles
Requirement modified in 1996
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Cost of regulations-OMB report
Annual Cost 37-43 billion EPA conservative
approach, Consistently overestimates costs, not
considering least cost approach and technical
innovation Annual Benefits 121-193 EPA
consistently underestimates benefits USING ACTUAL
NOT THEORETICAL CASES BENEFITS OUTWEIGH COSTS 51
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Japan We can do it. Hire engineers.
EV Plus Specs Length 159.3 in. Width 68.9
in. Height 64.2 in. Wheel Base 99.6 in. Track
Front/Rear 59.1/58.7 Curb Weight 3593.5 Drive
Train Front Wheel Drive Occupants Four Voltage
288 Motor Brushless PM Power 49 Kw
(66hp) Battery 24 12v NiMH Charger On-board
Conductive Recharge 6-8 hrs Acceleration 4.9
sec (0-30 mph) Maximum Speed 80 mph Range 100
miles (80 discharge) Lease Cost 455/mo for 36
mo.
Honda EVPlus Nickel Metal Hydride 80 miles
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Japan We can do it. Hire engineers.
Honda EVPlus Nickel Metal Hydride 80 miles
Nissan Altra Lithium-ion 80-100 miles
Toyota RAV4-EV Nickel Metal Hydride 80 miles
Better Batteries are finally here, but you cant
afford them.
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Neighborhood Electric Vehicles
FORD Th!nk
Nissan Hypermini
Chrysler GEM
Toyota E-com
OTHER EVS
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ENERGY STORAGE
Performance of Energy Storage Systems Performance of Energy Storage Systems
Fuel Specific Energy Wh/kg
Gasoline 12,300
Natural gas 9,300
Hydrogen 33,000
Lead-acid battery 30
Advanced Lead Acid 48
GasolineC8H18
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ENERGY STORAGE
Performance of Advanced EV Battery Systems Performance of Advanced EV Battery Systems Performance of Advanced EV Battery Systems Performance of Advanced EV Battery Systems
Energy Density Wh/kg Power Density W/kg Life Cycles
Lead-acid battery 30 150 300
Advanced Lead Acid 48 150 800
GM Ovonic nickel metal hydride 70 220 gt600
SAFT nickel metal hydride 70 150 1,500
SAFT lithium ion 120 230 600
Lithium polymer 150 350 lt600
Evercel Nickel-zinc 60 255 500
Zinc-Air 160-220 low ?
Composite Flywheels 120
Supercapacitors
Source USABC and others
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LITHIUM-ION BATTERY
SOURCE ELECTRIC STORAGE ASSOC.
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COMPOSITE FLYWHEELS
SOURCE ELECTRIC STORAGE ASSOC.
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SUPERCAPACITORS
SOURCE ELECTRIC STORAGE ASSOC.
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ZINC-AIR FUEL CELL
SOURCE ELECTRIC STORAGE ASSOC.
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MECHANICAL RECHARGE
ZINC-AIR FUEL CELL
SOURCE METALLIC POWER.COM
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ENERGY DENSITY BY WEIGHT AND VOLUME
SOURCE ELECTRIC STORAGE ASSOC.
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CARB DEFINITIONS
Passenger car emissions reduction HC CO NOx
TLEV- Transitional Low-Emission Vehicle 50 NR NR
LEV- Low-Emission Vehicle 70 NR 50
ULEV- Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle (50 cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle. ) 85 50 50
SULEV- Super-Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle (90 cleaner than 2003 average) 96 70 95
PZEV-Partial Zero-Emission-Vehicle 96 70 95
PZEV-Partial Zero-Emission-Vehicle SULEV 15 year/150K mile warranty and 0 evaporative emissions. SULEV 15 year/150K mile warranty and 0 evaporative emissions. SULEV 15 year/150K mile warranty and 0 evaporative emissions.
AT PZEV-Advanced Technology PZEV (CNG, hybrid-electric, methanol, fuel cell) 96 70 95
AT PZEV-Advanced Technology PZEV (CNG, hybrid-electric, methanol, fuel cell) PZEV and include advanced technology components. PZEV and include advanced technology components. PZEV and include advanced technology components.
ZEV-Zero-Emission Vehicles (98 cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle.) 100 100 100
CLEANER
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What is a Hybrid Electric Vehicle?
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What is a Hybrid Electric Vehicle?
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What is a Hybrid Electric Vehicle?
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Available Hybrid Electric Vehicles
2000-2004 TOYOTA PRIUS
22,000-26,000 60 hwy 48 city
1999-2004 HONDA INSIGHT
19,180-21,380 Std68 auto62/58
2003-2004 HONDA CIVIC
20,260-21,110 std46/51 auto48/47
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Hybrid Electric Vehicles
2005 FORD ESCAPE HYBRID
Loaded ICE 26,700 Hybrid 35-40 mpg city
Semi-hybrid
2004 GM FlexPower Chevy Silverado Pickup
10-15 mpg improvement
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Future Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Nissan Tino Nissan's Hybrid Vehicle(HV) is called
the Tino. It is powered by a combination of a
1.8-liter four-cylinder engine and an electric
motor with lithium-ion batteries. The vehicle is
a five passenger car that achieves twice the fuel
economy and 50 less emissions. Nissan's Tino
hybrid electric car will be sold only in Japan,
initially.
Spring 2004 LEXUS HYBRID Fall 2004 Toyota Hylander
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Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles
(PNGV) Since 1993-1.1 billion
GM Precept Hybrid
Chrysler ESX 2 Hybrid
Dodge ESX-3 hybrid 1.5-liter direct-injection
three-cylinder diesel engine 15-kW or 20-hp,
permanent magnet electric motor/generator 21-kW
lithium-ion battery pack.
2006 Ford Futura
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Future Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Manufacturer Model Year
Ford Explorer 2005
GM Chevy Suburban 2005
Saturn VUE 2005
Chevy Equinox 2006
GMC Yukon 2007
Chevy Tahoe 2007
Daimler-Chrysler Dodge Ram Pickup 2005
Mercedes S-class 2006
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FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2004 FORD
The Ford Focus FCV fuel cell system is
efficient, quiet, and produces zero emissions.
Ford has announced plans to have a three year
demonstration program of 5-10 fleet vehicles in
Vancouver, Canada in 2004.
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FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2003 Honda
Honda is delivering a family of new FCX
fuel-cell vehicles to its first customer, the
city of Los Angeles. Honda plans to lease
approximately 30 fuel-cell cars in California and
Japan during the next several years. The
fuel-cell itself is propelled by electricity
generated by a hydrogen-oxygen chemical
reactionand its only emission, remarkably, is
water vapor.

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FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2003 TOYOTA
(NOT AVAILABLE)
Its only exhaust is water vapor. Its secret? A
hydrogen fuel cell that harnesses the electricity
of separated atoms and molecules as they strive
to be electrically balanced. Developed entirely
in-house, FCHV-4 shows Toyota on the leading edge
of fuel-cell technology.

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FUEL CELL VEHICLES-NISSAN
X-TRAIL FCV Nissan is actively developing fuel
cell vehicles (FCVs) that have low environmental
impact and save energy. Commercialization is
scheduled for 2003.(?????)

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FUEL CELL VEHICLES-GM
PROTOTYPE
The Hy-wire has no internal combustion engine,
instrument panel, brake or accelerator pedals
but it does have ample power supplied by a GM
fuel cell that runs on hydrogen.

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FUEL CELL VEHICLES-DAIM/CHRYSLER

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FUEL CELL VEHICLES-DAIM/CHRYSLER

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FUEL CELL VEHICLES-HYUNDAI

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HYDROGEN FUEL CELL OPERATION
SOURCE Schatz Energy Lab Humboldt State U.
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PEM HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS
SOURCE Schatz Energy Lab Humboldt State U.
PEM Proton Exchange Membrane (Nafiontm)
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SOME SURPRISING FACTS ABOUT HYDROGEN
Q1) IS HYDROGEN A revolutionary NEW ENERGY SOURCE?
Where does hydrogen come from? Fossil nat gas,
propane, gasoline, methanol Renewable electric
wind, solar, etc. electrolyze water Methane
(CH4), methanol(CH3OH), ammonia(NH3?)
A) HYDROGEN STORES TRANSPORTS ENERGY. A
CARRIER NOT A SOURCE.
Q2) WHICH IS MORE EFFICIENT, FUEL CELL OR
BATTERIES?
A) BATTERIES
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H2 Fuel Cell Efficiency
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE oil (gasoline) -gt IC
engine 15
BATTERY POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLE Oil-gt power
plant -gt electricity 45 transmission80 batte
ry charging 80 electric drive system
80 .45 x .8 x .8 x .8 23
FUEL CELL POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLE Oil-gt power
plant-gt electricity45 electricity transmission
80 H2 electrolyzer max efficiency 70 H2
fuel cell max efficiency 50 Electric drive
system 80 .45 x .8 x .7 x .5 x .8 10
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SOLAR FUEL CELLS ?
SOURCE Schatz Energy Lab Humboldt State U.
last
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Most efficient form of transportation
Source http//www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Set/746
6/bikepics.htm