Glass

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Glass Glazing Chapter 17

• Glass Ingredients
• Glass types
• blown
• plate
• float
• Glass Thickness
• Treatment of Glass
• Heat Treated
• tempered
• heat strengthened
• Laminated
• Fire Rated Glass
• Fritted Glass
• Spandrel Glass
• Insulating Glass
• Low Emissivity Glass
• Tinted Reflective Coated Glass
• mirrors

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Tuesday, Dec. 1, 2009

• Concrete Test Review -Thursday, Dec. 3
• LBO Booklet due next week, Dec. 10, last day of
  class.
• Final Exam Review Dec. 10
• Final Exam Tuesday Dec. 15
• Lectures Glass Glazing, Sustainability

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Glass Ingredients

• sand
• 71 by weight
• soda ash
• lime

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Glass Types

• Blown
• Plate
• Float

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Annealing Glass
Annealing cooling glass at a controlled rate to
counteract internal stresses. This is done in a
kiln known as a Lehr
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Float glass

• Process introduced in 1959
• Float Glass Manufacturing Process
• http//www.glasswebsite.com/video/fgmd.asp

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Glass Thickness

• For window/building glass 1/8 to 1 inch

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Glass Treatment

• Heat Treated

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Glass Treatment

• Heat Treated
• tempered
• 4x times stronger than annealed
• some noticeable distortion
• cannot be drilled or cut
• heat strengthened
• 2x times stronger than annealed
• less distortion than tempered
• breaks like annealed glass
• Laminated

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Tempered Glass is glass that is reheated and
rapidly cooled, which strengthens the glass and
causes it to break into pea-sized pellets if
subject to impact.
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Laminated Glass

• Laminated Glass is made by sandwiching a
  transparent polyvinyl butyric (PVB) interlayer
  between sheets of glass bonding the three layers
  together under heat and pressure.
• When laminated glass breaks, the plastic sheet
  holds the broken glass in place, thus reducing
  the risk of injury in case of breakage.

The Entry canopy at the High Museum is made of
laminated glass supported by stainless steel
spider fittings that transmit the weight of the
roof to cantilevered steel beams.
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How laminated glass is made http//www.glasswebsi
te.com/video/laminating.asp
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Fire Rated Glass

• Wire Glass
• inserting wire mesh in the glass producing
  process
• in fire glass remains intact under thermal stress
  and acts as a fire barrier
• 45 minute fire rating
• Ceramic Glass
• optically clear
• 20 minute to 3 hour ratings

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Wire Glass

• Glass that remains intact and restricts the
  expansion of fire.
• Its made by placing wire mesh in the middle of
  glass during the manufacturing process.

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Fritted Glass Glass that has an imprint on the
surface with silk screened patterns of ceramic
based paint. Paint is fired in a glass furnace
to transform into a hard ceramic permanent
coating. The paint consist primarily of pigmented
glass particles that are called frits. Typical
patterns are stripes or dots, but custom designs
are easily reproduced.
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Spandrel Glass
Opaque glass used for covering the bands of wall
around the edges of floors
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Lever House

• Lever House in New York is an early curtain wall
  building designed by architects Skidmore, Owings,
  and Merrill (SOM), 1952

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Insulating glass consists of two or more sheets
of glass separated by a hermetically sealed air
space. It can be manufactured from almost any
type of glass.
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• Insulated Glass
• provides better insulating value (higher R-value)
  
• 2. prevents condensation from forming on the
  glass surface.
• 3. provides acoustical control

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U value is reciprocal of the R value IGU
Insulated Glass Unit
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Sunlight transmission thru glass
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SHGC Solar Heat Gain Coefficient the lower the
number the better for HOT climates the higher the
number the better for COLD climates
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Low-E Glass (low emmitance)
Coating or film applied on the inside face of
insulating glass that restricts radiant energy
(heat) flow. Keeps radiant heat on the same size
of glass where it originates depending on
coating placement. In this case heat from the sun
is kept outside.
OUTSIDE
INSIDE
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Low E-Glass
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Tinted Reflective Coating Glass
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4 3 2 1 (Glass surface order)
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Mirrors

• How Mirrors Are Madehttp//www.glasswebsite.com/v
  ideo/mirror.asp

The mirror substrate, glass, is shaped, polished
and cleaned, then coated with non-toxic
silver. Coatings in order of application Tin(II)
chloride Silver Chemical activator Copper
Paint The Tin(II) chloride is applied because
silver will not bond with the glass. The
activator causes the tin/silver to harden.
Copper protects the silver from corrosion.
Paint protects the copper
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Glass Glazing

• Glass Ingredients
• Glass types
• blown
• plate
• float
• Glass Thickness
• Treatment of Glass
• Heat Treated
• tempered
• heat strengthened
• Laminated
• Fire Rated Glass
• Fritted Glass
• Spandrel Glass
• Insulating Glass
• Low Emissivity Glass
• Tinted Reflective Coated Glass
• mirrors

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Tuesday, Dec. 8

• Class Lecture Feedback Survey
• Thursday LBO books due
• binding requirements
• Concrete Test Review
• Glazing Systems
• Thursday Sustainability Test Review

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Glazing

• Glazing details
• Curtainwalls
• Storefronts
• Structural Glass walls
• spider fittings
• rigid supports
• cable supports
• structural glass fins

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Glazing

• Glazing is the process of placing glass into
  profiles designed to receive them, then held in
  place with glazing clips, blocks and compounds
  making a weather tight joint between the glass
  and frame. Proper glazing keeps the glass from
  contacting the frame during thermal expansion of
  the glass or the frame and during loading due to
  wind, snow, rain or seismic forces.

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!!

• Synthetics for installing glazing, rubber,
  neoprene vinyl are particularly effective in
  allowing for the thermal expansion and
  contraction of glass

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Used when the Architect desires a clean unbroken
exterior surface for the glazing uninterrupted by
the protrusion of mullions.
Silicone an excellent and frequently used
material to secure glass. Proper control and
placement is essential to create structural
adhesion with weatherproofing, thermal and load
resistant qualities. Silicone joints should be
designed to perform on two opposing surface
planes. This is achieved thru the use of
spacers, bond breakers and backer rods.
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Curtain Wall
A curtain wall is a building façade that does not
carry any dead load from the building other than
its own dead load, and transfer loads that are
incident upon it wind, rain, snow and seismic
forces (usually only those imposed by the inertia
of the curtain wall), These loads are transferred
to the main building structure through
connections at floors or columns of the building.
A curtain wall is designed to resist air and
water infiltration. Curtain walls are typically
designed with extruded aluminum members, although
the first curtain walls were made of steel. The
aluminum frame is typically infilled with glass,
which provides an architecturally pleasing
building, as well as benefits such as
daylighting. However, parameters related to solar
gain control such as thermal comfort and visual
comfort are more difficult to control when using
highly-glazed curtain walls. Other common
infills include stone veneer, metal panels,
louvers, and operable windows or vents.
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• With aluminum and glass curtainwall systems, the
  vertical mullions are attached to the floors or
  beams at every floor in order to carry gravity
  and wind loads

• Attachment devices allow the vertical mullions to
  be adjusted to provide a perfectly plumb and
  straight line for the entire height of the
  building.

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• Curtain wall system
• Non load bearing
• Supported by floor framing
• Multi level spans
• Better thermal properties
• Resists high wind loads
• Higher aesthetic image

• Storefront system
• Gravity loads to foundation
• Ingress / egress
• Visual connection with street

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• Storefront
• Head
• Jamb
• Mullion
• Sill

Storefront system sits at edge of interior floor
slab and exterior walk
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• Framing
• Extruded aluminum

• Glazing
• Spandrel glass
• Tinted glass
• Tempered glass

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Kawneerhttp//www.kawneer.com/kawneer/north_ameri
ca/en/home.asp
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sample of aluminum curtainwall profiles
Vertical Section
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Horizontal Section
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Kawner 7500 Wall System http//www.kawneer.com/kaw
neer/north_america/catalog/pdf/7500_Wall_E--A.pdf

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Kawner 1600 Wall System http//www.kawneer.com/kaw
neer/north_america/catalog/pdf/1600_Wall_Sys1__E--
A.pdf
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Structural Glass Walls
A structural glass wall is made up of tempered
glass sheets suspended from special clamps, or
spider fittings. These fittings are stabilized
against wind pressure by perpendicular stiffeners
and/or cables and carry the glass loads
spider fittings- used to hold tempered glass in
structural glass walls
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structural glass wall using spider fittings
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structural glass wall using spider fittings
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structural glass wall using spider fittings
cable supports
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Structural Glass Roof Panels spider fittings and
cable supports
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Glass Fin System
Glass fins used as structural elements to carry
glass gravity loads and wind loads.
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The Pilkington Planar System http//www.pilkingto
n.com/applications/products2006/english/bybenefit/
glasssystems/planar/default.htm
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Glass fins used as structural elements to carry
glass gravity loads and wind loads.
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Glazing

• Glazing details
• Curtainwalls
• Storefronts
• Structural Glass walls
• spider fittings
• rigid supports
• cable supports
• structural glass fins

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Firerated Glass Floor!!

• http//www.fireglass.com/framing/clearfloor/

www.fireglass.com/detail-drawings/clearfloor/Clear
Floor-System-Details.pdf
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Questions- Glass Glazing

• What is glass made of?
• What is laminated glass made of?
• What was the predominate glass type used before
  1959?
• What was the predominate glass type used after
  1959?
• What is annealed glass?
• What is the strength difference between
  annealed, tempered and heat strengthened?
• What is wire glass?
• What is fire-rated glass?
• What type of glass would be used on skylights?
• What is fritted glass?
• How are frits applied?
• What is spandrel glass?
• What is insulating glass?
• What are three qualities of insulating glass?
• What does the acronym SHGC stand for?
• What does low e stand for?
• What does low-e do?
• What is the glass surface order?
• What are the coatings on mirrors?

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end
of semester
You have been a great group of students!