Hardware

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Hardware
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Hardware

• The physical parts of a computer system

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Hardware
The physical parts of a computer system
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Computers based on
Hardware

1. Vacuum tube based - c1940s
2. Transistor based - late 50s low cost and
   reliable transistors available
3. Integrated Circuit (IC) based - mid 60s
4. Large Scale Integrated (LSI) circuit based -
   c80s These have up to 100,000 transistors on a
   single chip
5. Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuit based
   - c90s These have gt100,000 transistors on a
   single chip.

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Types of Computers

• Small (Microcomputers or Personal computers)
  500 - 7,000
• Desktop Computers and Workstations
• Laptop Computers
• Notebook Computers
• Palmtop Computers

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Personal Digital Assistant

• Known as handheld computers
• PDAs are portable computers taken further
• Pocket sized designed for use on the move
• Use a pen as input (write directly to screen)
• Software 'attempts' to translate handwriting by
  reference to stored prototypes

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Types of Computers (contd.)

• Medium-sized computers (minicomputers)
• - 50,000 - 200,000 - 3 - 25 times faster than
  a PC
• - Scaled down mainframe
• - Designed to meet the computing needs of a
  department or small company. Typically 4-100
  concurrent users.
• - Can support a number of concurrent
  applications and often uses a time-sharing
  operation system that aims to keep the users
  busy.

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Types of Computers (contd.)

• Large or Mainframe Computers - 100,000 -
  2,000,000 - 10 - 100 times faster than a PC
• - A multi-user computer designed to meet the
  computing needs of a large organization
• - Generally refers to computers of the 50s and
  60s
• - Large number of dumb terminals were used for
  input/output and it had a large number of
  peripherals attached
• - Can process a number of applications
  concurrently. This is known as multi-processing
  which aims to keep the CPU as busy as possible
• - Usually housed in special rooms.

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Types of Computers (contd.)

• Superlarge or Supercomputers
• -2 million - 20 million -50 - 50,000 times
  faster than a PC
• - A large number of processors interconnected
  by a network.
• - Break up gigantic scientific problems into
  manageable parallel tasks
• - Used to simulate nuclear explosions, ocean
  flow, to track the trajectories of astronomic
  bodies.

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Computer Operations

• Input entering data into the computer
• Processing performing operations on the data
• Output presenting results
• Storage saving data, programs, or output for
  future use
• Communications sending or retrieving data via
  the Internet, etc.

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Hardware Devices
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Data

• Data consists of raw unprocessed facts.
• The applications and users handle them to turn
  into Information.
• Information is structured, ordered and analyzed
  data useful for decision making. Data is stored
  in files of different types (documents,
  spreadsheets, databases, pictures,)

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Data Representation

• Digital data - is a discrete representation,
  breaking the information up into separate
  elements (digits, that is 0 and 1)
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• Bit

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How Information Is Stored

• Bit is the smallest unit of data, which denotes
  the binary value of 1 or 0, On/Off,
  Magnetic/Not
• Byte is the ordered collection of bits
• (eight bits grouped together)
• - EBCDIC - Extended Binary Coded Decimal
  Interchange Code (8 bits per byte)
• - ASCII - American Standard Code for Information
  Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)
• Parity bit is the extra bit added to each byte to
  help detect errors
• Example "HI" 0100100001001001
• (using binary code)

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The Computing Systems Store, Present, and Help
Us Modify

• Text
• Audio
• Images graphics
• Video

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System Unit

• Houses the processing hardware for computer
• Contains
• - CPU
• - Memory (several types)
• - Interfaces to connect external peripheral
  devices ( such as printer, etc.)

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Computer Components
BUSES
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Motherboard

• The main circuit board, containing computer chips
  and other electronic components, inside the
  system unit to which all computer system
  components connect

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CPU Central Processing Unit

• The chip located on the motherboard of a computer
  that performs the processing for a computer

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Multi-core CPUs

• Contain the processing components or cores of
  multiple independent processors on a single CPU
  (allow computers to work simultaneously on more
  tha one task at a time)

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Types of CPU

• Desktop c. Intel Core i7
• - AMD PhenomII (2-4 cores)
• Workstation, server
• Intel Xeon
• - AMD Opteron (2,4,6 cores)
  
• Notebook, Tablet PC
• - Intel Core 2
• - AMD Turion X2 (1, 2,4
  cores)

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Computer Time
PER COMPARED
NAME LENGTH
SECOND TO 1 SECOND

• Millisecond .001 second
  thousand 15min 40 sec
• Microsecond .001 millisecond million
  11.6 days
• Nanosecond .001microsecond billion
  31.7 years
• Picosecond .001 nanosecond trillion
  31,700 years

Computer Frequency inversely proportional to
computer time
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Processing Speed

• CPU clock speed measurement of the processing
  speed, which is rated in megahertz (MHz) or
  gigahertz (GHz)
• Highter CPU clock speed more instractions can be
  processed per second
• Example Core i7 3.2 Ghz
• faster than
• Core i7 2.66 GHz

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Memory

• Chip-based storage
• - primary - amount of the computer's main
  memory (random access memory or RAM)
• - secondary - amount of long-term storage
  available to a computer (computer's hard drive or
  removable storage media)

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Types of Memory

• Cache memory and register volatite, means that
  their content is rased when power to the memory
  ceases (like RAM)
• Read-only memory (ROM) and flash memory -
  nonvolatite

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MEMORY SIZE

• KILOBYTE (K) 210 bytes... 1024 bytes
• MEGABYTE (MB) 210 KB... million bytes
• GIGABYTE (GB) 210 MB... billion bytes
• TERABYTE (TB) 210 GB... trillion bytes

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RAM (Random Access Memory)

• Temporary storage for data, programs and the
  operating system while you are using the PC
• It is volatile, meaning that the contents of
  memory are lost forever when the computer is shut
  off.

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RAM (contd.)

• Capacity measured in bytes
• Type of RAM that can be installed depends on
• - CPU (32-bit CPU up to 3 GB of RAM,
• 64-bit more than 3 GB)
• - Operating system (64-bit version of Windows
  Vista up to 8 GB, up to 16 or more than 128 GB,
  depending on the edition)

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ROM (Read-Only Memory)

• Consists of non-erasable hardware modules that
  store program instructions
• It is non-volatile (that is read only)

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Ports and Connectors

• Connectors located on the exterior of the system
  unit that are used to connect external hardware
  devicrs
• Each port attached to the appropriate bus on the
  motherboard

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Storage System

• Storage medium is the hardware where data is
  actually stored (CD, flash memory card)
• Storage device is the type of drive by which
  storage media is read
• - internal (inside the CPU)
• - external (plugged into external port)
• - remote (located on another computer)

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Access Methods

• Random (direct) access, means that data can be
  retrieved directly from any location on the
  storage medium, in any order
• Sequential access, means that the data can be
  retrieved in the order in which it is physically
  stored on the medium

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Hard Drive

• Primary storage system used to store most
  programs and data used with a computer

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Types of Hard Drives

• - Magnetic hard drive a hard drive, consisting
  of one or more metal magnetic disks permanently
  sealed with an access mechanism and read/write
  heads, inside its drive

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Types of Hard Drives

• Solid-state drive (SSD) a hard drive that uses
  flash memory instead of metal magnetic hard disks.

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Disc Access Time

• The total time that it takes for a hard drive to
  read/write data
• Include three steps
• - seek time
• - rotational delay
• - data movement time
• Typically it is around 8.5.milliseconds

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Optical Disks

• A type of storage medium read from and written to
  using a laser beam (Example CD, DVD)
• Advantages - large capacity
• - durability
• Disadvantages - fragile

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Optical Drive

• A drive used with optical discs (CD disc, DVD
  disc)

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Optical Discs

• Read-Only optical disc (CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, BD-ROM)
• Recordable optical disc (CD-R, DVD-R, DVDR,
  BD-R)
• Rewritable optical disc (CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVDRW,
  BD-Re)

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Optical Disks (contd.)

• 1) CD-ROM - 700 MB (0.7 GB), single layer, red
  laser, cheap, outdated. For delivering music,
  software, storing data.
• 2) DVD-R/RW (Digital Vesatile Disk), 4.7 GB
  (DVD-5) (single-layer), 8.5 GB (DVD-9)
  (dual-layer), 9.4 GB (double-sided disk), red
  laser, current, cheap. For software, movies,
  data.
• 3) Blu-Ray, 25 GB (single layer), 50 GB
  (double-layer), may support up to 6-8 layers in
  the future, blue laser, quite expensive. For
  high-definition movies, HDTV, data.
• 4) HVD (Holographic Vesatile Disk) - 3.9 TB, 2
  lasers, very expensive, emerging.

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Other Types of Storage System

• Flash memory a chip-based storage medium that
  store data using electrons
• Flash memory card a small , rectangular flash
  memory medium (such as CompactFlash)

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Other Types of Storage System (contd.)

• Holographic storage the type of three dimension
  (3D) storage system that uses multiple blue laser
  beams to store data in three dimensions
• Advantages - speed
• - capability
• - convenient for rarely
  changed data

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Other Types of Storage System (contd.)

• Magnetic tape storage media consisting of
  plastic tape with a magnetizable surface that
  store data as a series of magnetic spot
• Advantages - low cost per megabyte

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Other Types of Storage System (contd.)

• RAID (redundant arrays of independent disks)
• a storage method that uses several hard rives
  working together
• Purpose - to increase perfomance
• - to protect critical data on
  storage server (to increase fault tolerance)
• Techniques - disc stripping
• - disc mirroring

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RAID

• RAID

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Bus

• Electronic path over which data can travel
• Bus width is the number of wires in the bus over
  which data can travel, affects the number of bits
  being transmitted at one time
• Throughput or bandwidth is the amount of data
  that can be transferred via the bus in a given
  time period

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Input Devices
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Keyboards

• An input device containing numerous keys that can
  be used to input letters, numbers, and other
  symbols

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Pointing and Touch Devices

• An input device that moves an on-screen pointer
  to allow the user to select objects on the screen
• Types - mouse
• - pen/styluses
• - touch screens

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Scanners

• An input device that reads printed text and
  graphics and transfers them to a computer in
  digital form

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Speech Recognition System

• Speech recognition systems
• Music input systems

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Music Input System

• Used to input music into a computer

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Output Devices
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Printers

• Quality mesured by dots per inch (dpi)
• Speed measured in pages per minute (ppm)
• Types - laser printers (use toner powder)
• - ink-jet printers (use liquid
  ink)
• - special purposes printers
  (photoprinter, 3D printer)

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3D Printing
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Display Devices (Monitor, Display Screen)

• CRT monitors
• Flat-panel displays - liquid crystal displays
  (LCD)
• - plasma displays
• Organic light emmiting diode (OLED) displays

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Display Devices (contd.)

• Pixels the smallest colorable area in an
  electronic image
• Screen resolution affects the amount of
  information (in pixels) displayed on the screen

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Video Card

• Installed inside computer or directly into the
  motherboard (in graphic processing unit GPU)
• Detrmins the graphic capabilities of the computer

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Audio Output