Structure and Function of the Reproductive System

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Structure and Function of the Reproductive System

• Chapter 22

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Development of the Reproductive System

• Dependent on sex hormones
• Malestestosterone
• Femalesestrogen, FSH, and LH
• Sexual differentiation in utero
• Homologous structures
• Gonads
• Ducts
• Mesonephric
• Paramesonephric

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Development of the Reproductive System
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Development of the Reproductive System
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Development of the Reproductive System

• Puberty
• Exact trigger unknown
• Females
• Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and its sulfate
  (DHAS)
• Begins with thelarche (breast development) in
  females
• Adrenarche
• Gonadarche

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Development of the Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System

• External genitalia (vulva)
• Mons pubis
• Labia majora
• Labia minora
• Clitoris
• Vestibule

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Female Reproductive System

• External genitalia (vulva)
• Introitus
• Hymen
• Urinary meatus
• Lesser vestibular glands (Skene glands)
• Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin glands)
• Perineum

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External Genitalia (Vulva)
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Internal Genitalia

• Vagina
• Uterus
• Fallopian tubes
• Ovaries

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Internal Genitalia
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Uterine Position
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Internal Genitalia
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Ovary
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Follicle Development
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Female Sex Hormones

• Estrogens
• Estradiol
• Estrone
• Estriol
• Progesterone
• Androgens

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Menstrual Cycle

• Menarche
• Menopause
• Phases
• Menstruation (menses)
• Follicular/proliferative phase
• Luteal/secretory phase

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Menstrual Cycle

• Ovarian cycle
• Uterine phases
• Vaginal response
• Body temperature change

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The Menstrual Cycle
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Hormone Controls
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Ovarian Cycle
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Male Reproductive System

• External genitalia
• Testes
• Epididymis
• Scrotum
• Penis

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Male Reproductive System
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Male Reproductive System
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Male Reproductive System
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Male Reproductive System

• Internal genitalia
• Seminal vesicles
• Prostate gland
• Bulbourethral glands

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Male Internal Genitalia
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Spermatogenesis

• Spermatogonia
• Primary spermatocytes
• Secondary spermatocytes
• Spermatids
• Sertoli cells

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Spermatogenesis
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Male Reproductive System
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Male Sex Hormones

• Androgens
• Primary androgentestosterone
• Produced mainly in the Leydig cells of the testes
• Testosterone
• Sexual differentiation
• Urogenital system development
• Nervous and skeletal tissue development
• Sex drive
• Dihydrotestosterone and prolactin

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Structure and Function of the Breast

• Modified sebaceous glands on the ventral surface
  of the thorax
• Female breast
• Nipple
• Areola
• Glands of Montgomery
• Male breast
• Until puberty, male and female breast development
  is similar
• Without the sufficient influence of estrogen and
  progesterone, the male breast does not develop
  any further

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Structure and Function of the Breast
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Structure and Function of the Breast
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Tests of Reproductive Function

• Infection and cancer tests
• Culture
• Serologic testing
• Tissue biopsy
• Needle biopsy
• Papanicolaou (Pap) test
• Mammography
• Fertility tests

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Aging and the Female Reproductive System

• Menopause
• Perimenopause
• Vasomotor symptoms
• Vasomotor flush

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Aging and the Female Reproductive System
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Aging and the Male Reproductive System

• Males reproductive capacity is longer than
  womens
• There is not an event comparable to menopause
• Decreased erectile and ejaculatory function
• Testes atrophy, decrease in weight, and soften
• Decreased levels of gonadotropins and testosterone