AKS 42: Absolutism and Enlightenment

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AKS 42Absolutism and Enlightenment

• Chapter 21 PAGES 589-617
• Chapter 22.2 22.3 PAGES 629-639

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Absolutism

• Political belief that one ruler should hold all
  of the power within the boundaries of a country

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FranceBackground

• Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)
• 1st king of Bourbon Dynasty
• Converted to Catholicism
• Devoted reign to rebuilding France its
  prosperity
• Edict of Nantes
• Issued by Henry
• Huguenots could live in peace in France set up
  their own houses of worship in certain cities

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FranceBackground

• Cardinal Richelieu
• Forbade Protestant cities to have walls
• Weakened power of nobles by ordering them to take
  down their fortified castles by increasing the
  power of government agents who came from the
  middle class
• Involved France in the Thirty Years War to limit
  Hapsburg Power.

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FranceLouis XIV (14th) Comes to Power (4 yrs old
)
I am the state. - Louis XIV

• France suffered from riots by nobles Louis
  life threatened at times
• Louis never forgot fear/anger vowed to be so
  strong nobles could never threaten him again

So distinguished
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FranceLouis XIV Comes to Power

• Jean Baptiste Colbert
• Made France economic power
• Followed mercantilism make France
  self-sufficient
• Expanded protected French industry
• Encouraged migration to Canada (fur trade)

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FranceSun Kings Grand Style

• Controls Nobility
• Nobles expected to be at Palace at Versailles
  if not, incomes social status decreased
• Made nobility totally dependent on Louis
• Patron of the Arts
• Popular opera ballet
• Supported writers
• Promoted art that glorified monarchy supported
  absolute rule

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IMPRESSIVE, BUT COSTLY!!!
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FranceDisastrous Wars and Legacy

• Expansion
• Wanted to expand succeeded at first
• Countries banned together to match Frances
  strength balance of power

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FranceDisastrous Wars and Legacy

• War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
• Charles II of Spain died throne went to Louis
  grandson Spain France now ruled by French
  Bourbon kings
• Treaty that ended war allowed Louis grandson to
  stay in power as long as thrones of Spain
  France did not unite
• Big winner - Great Britain
• Took Gibraltar
• increased involvement in slave trade

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FranceDisastrous Wars and Legacy

• Death and Legacy
• People rejoiced at news of Louis death
• Positive
• France considered the military leader of Europe
• Ranked above all other nations in art, lit.,
  statesmanship
• Negative
• War construction of Palace at Versailles
  massive debt
• Tax burden by poor Louis abuse of power would
  plague his heirs set stage for revolution

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RussiaThe First Czar
?Wow, hes ugly

• Ivan the Terrible
• 1st to call himself czar
• 1547-1560 good period won victories, added
  lands, code of laws, ruled justly
• Terror
• 1560-1584 bad period Ivan accused boyars
  (nobles) of poisoning his wife, Anastasia
• Using secret police executed boyars, their
  families, peasants who worked their land
• 1581 killed oldest son left only weak son to
  rule

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RussiaThe First Czar

• Romanovs
• Ivans son died period of turmoil w/ no leader
• 1613 leaders from Russian cities met to choose
  next czar chose Michael Romanov
• Begins Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917)

Mikey!!! ?
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RussiaCzar Peter the Great

• Russia Different Than Europe
• Had looked to Constantinople for leadership
• Mongols geographical barriers had cut Russia
  off from Renaissance the Age of Exploration.
• Religious Difference Russia was Eastern
  Orthodox Western Europe mostly Catholic or
  Protestant.
• Russia viewed them as heretics

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RussiaCzar Peter the Great

• Peter Visits West
• Believed future depended on having warm-water
  port
• 1697 Grand Embassy long visit to W. Europe
• Goal learn about Euro. customs and manufacturing
  techniques

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RussiaPeter Rules Absolutely
For you know yourself that, though a thing be
good and necessary, our people will not do it
unless forced to. - Czar Peter the Great

• Reforms
• Brought Russian Orthodox Church under state
  control
• Decreased the power of great landowners
• Modernized army by hiring Euro. officers who
  drilled soldiers in Euro. tactics w/ Euro.
  weapons
• Paid for army w/ heavy taxes

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RussiaPeter Rules Absolutely

• Westernization
• Introduction of potatoes
• Started 1st newspaper
• increased womens status
• Ordered nobles to adopt Western fashion
• Advanced Education - believed this was key to
  Russias progress

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RussiaPeter Rules Absolutely

• St. Petersburg
• Wanted a seaport ? easier to travel to the West
• Fought Sweden for land on Baltic Sea
• Had St. Petersburg built on a piece of swampy
  land
• Estimated 25,000 100,000 people died in the
  effort to build it

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EnglandDefying Parliament

• James I (1603-1625)
• Struggled w/ Parliament over money
• Agreed to new translation of the Bible

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EnglandDefying Parliament
? Charlie!

• Charles I (1625-1649)
• Forced to sign Petition of Right
• Not imprison subjects w/o due cause
• Not levy taxes w/o Parl.s consent
• Not house soldiers in private homes
• Not impose martial law during peacetime
• Set forth idea that law was higher than king

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EnglandEnglish Civil War (1642-1649)

• Background/Causes
• Parl. passed laws to limit royal power king
  outraged arrested Parl. leaders mob began to
  form
• Loyal to Charles Royalists/Cavaliers
• Puritan supporters of Parliament called
  Roundheads

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EnglandEnglish Civil War (1642-1649)

• Result
• Roundheads win
• Oliver Cromwell
• Roundhead General
• Tried, beheaded Charles for treason - 1649
• Established commonwealth (republic form of govt)

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SpainSpanish Empire
His smile and his dagger were very close. -
Phillips court historian

• Philip II
• Seized Portugal (no heir) now had empire that
  circled the globe
• Empire gave him lots of wealth
• Duty defend Catholicism

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SpainDefeat of Spanish Armada

• Background
• Philip launched Armada in attempt to punish
  Protestant England Queen Elizabeth I, who
  supported Protestant subjects who rebelled
  against Philip

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SpainDefeat of Spanish Armada

• What Happened
• Spanish Armada defeated
• Impact
• Seriously weakened Spain

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SpainSpanish Art and Literature

• El Greco (the Greek)
• Showed deep Catholic faith of Spain
• Velasquez
• Court painter for Philip IV of Spain ?
• Cervantes
• Don Quixote de la Mancha (1605)
• Birth of modern European novel

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SpainEmpire Weakens

• Inflation
• 2 causes
• Spains population increased
• Silver bullion flooded marked ? value decreased
• Taxes
• Spains nobles dont pay burden on lower classes
  ? never developed a middle class
• Bankruptcy
• Finance wars Spanish kings borrowed
• Philip declared Spain bankrupt 3 times

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SpainDutch Revolt and Dutch Prosper

• 1579 7 Northern provinces of Netherlands
  (mostly Protestant) united, declared
  independent from Spain
• Art
• Rembrandt painted portraits of wealthy
  middle-class merchants
• Trade
• Stability of govt ? concentration on econ.
  growth
• Dutch E. India Co. dominated Asian spice trade

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PrussiaThirty Years War (1618-1648)

• Causes
• Lutheran Catholic princes tried to gain
  followers
• Split in 2 leagues
• Spark
• Ferdinand II (HRE) closed some Protest. churches,
  Protest. in Bohemia revolted

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PrussiaThirty Years War (1618-1648)

• Hapsburg Wins
• 1st 12 yrs.
• Hapsburg armies crushed troops hired by
  Protestant princes
• Hapsburg Losses
• Protestant drove Hapsburg armies out of North
  Germany

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PrussiaThirty Years War (1618-1648)

• Peace (Treaty) of Westphalia
• Weakened Spain Austria (Haps.)
• Strengthened France
• German princes independent of HRE
• Ended religious wars
• New method of peace negotiations

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PrussiaThirty Years War (1618-1648)

• Results
• Trade agriculture disrupted
• Germanys economy ruined
• Treaty recognized Europe as a group of
  independent states
• Beginning of modern state system

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AustriaGrows Stronger

• Austrian Hapsburg reconquered Bohemia wiped
  out Protestant
• Centralized government created standing army

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AustriaMaria Theresa

• Charles VI convinced leaders of Europe to sign
  agreement declaring they would recognize Maria as
  heir to all Hapsburg territories
• Faced yrs. of war main enemy Prussia

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PrussiaRise

• Army of 80,000 men paid for w/ permanent taxation
• Weakened representative assemblies of their
  territories
• Became rigidly controlled, highly militarized
  society

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PrussiaFrederick the Great
the fundamental role of governments is the
principle of extending their territories. -
Frederick the Great

• Followed his fathers military policies, but
  softened some laws
• Encouraged religious toleration, legal reform
• Ruler should be a father to his people

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PrussiaWar of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

• Over Silesia (bordered Prussia)
• Hungary Britain helped Maria Theresa stopped
  Prussian aggression
• Prussia became major European power

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PrussiaSeven Years War (1756-1763)

• Fought in Europe, India, N. America
• No change in territory in Europe
• British real victors
• France lost colonies in North America
• Britain gained sole economic domination in India

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EnlightenmentTwo Views on Government

• Thomas Hobbes
• All humans naturally selfish wicked
• Govts need to keep order
• Social Contract
• People had to hand over rights to strong ruler in
  exchange for law order
• B/c people acted in own self-interest, ruler
  needed total power to keep citizens under control
  (abs. monarchy)
• Changing Idea

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EnlightenmentTwo Views on Government

• John Locke
• Criticized abs. mon. for self-govt
• People had 3 natural rights life, liberty,
  property
• Govt purpose ? protect these rights
• If they dont, people have right to overthrow it
• Govts power comes from consent of the people
• His ideas foundations of modern democracy

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EnlightenmentPhilosophes

• Core Beliefs
• Reason - Truth through reason logical thinking
• Nature what is natural is good reasonable
• Happiness seek well-being on earth
• Progress society/humankind could improve
• Liberty Liberties won in Glorious Rev. Bill
  of Rights

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EnlightenmentPhilosophes
I do not agree with a word you say but will
defend to the death your right to say it. -
Voltaire

• Voltaire
• Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion
  speech
• Montesquieu
• Separation of powers no 1 group could gain
  total control of govt (checks balances)
• Rousseau
• Only good govt is one formed by people freely
  governed by general will of society (dir.
  democ.)

Man is born free, and everywhere he is in
chains. - Rousseau
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Legacy of the Enlightenment

• Belief in Progress
• Success of Scientific Rev. confidence human
  reason could solve social problems
• Urged end to slavery, social equality, democratic
  govt
• Secular Outlook
• Non-religious ?ed religious beliefs teachings
  of church
• Wanted to rid religious faith of superstition
  fear promote religious tolerance
• Importance of Individual
• Looked to selves instead of church or govt
• Use own ability to reason to judge right from
  wrong

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EnlightenmentIdeas and Art

• Diderot
• Encyclopedia collection of articles essays
  from leading scholars spread Enlightenment
  ideas
• Neoclassical
• New classical borrowed themes from Greece
  Rome
• Music Literature
• Classical music Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
• Writers wrote novels lengthy works of fiction

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EnlightenmentMonarchies

• Enlightened Despot
• Rulers embraced new ideas made reforms
  reflecting Enlightenment spirit
• Frederick the Great (Prussia)
• Granted religious freedom, ? censorship, improved
  edu., reformed justice system, abolished use of
  torture did nothing to end serfdom

A ruler is only the first servant of the state.
- Frederick the Great
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EnlightenmentMonarchies

• Joseph II (Austria)
• Legal reforms, freedom of press worship,
  abolished serfdom ordered peasants be paid w/
  cash
• Catherine the Great (Russia)
• Communicated often w/ Voltaire
• Put together commission to allow relig.
  toleration, abolishing torture capital
  punishment
• Commission didnt accomplish these goals