Chapter 19, Section 1 (pages 506-511): Cycles in Nature

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Chapter 19, Section 1 (pages 506-511)Cycles in
Nature
The Cycles of Matter Examples - The Water
Cycle - The Carbon Cycle - The Nitrogen
Cycle - The Phosphorous Cycle - The Calcium
Cycle
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Ecosystems change over time and depend on the
cycling of matter.
matter anything that has mass and takes up
space
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• Matter
• The amount of matter on earth always stays the
  same
• Matter can be changed into different matter
• Matter can be recycled

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The Water Cycle The Water (Hydrologic)Cycle The
movement of water between oceans, atmosphere,
land, and living thingsEvaporation,
condensation, precipitation and transpiration.
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• Water and life
• Water is one of the most important types of
  matter on earth. It does many things
• Animals and plants are made of mostly water.
• Water helps carry nutrients and waste through the
  body
• Water helps chemical reactions take place.
• Helps to make sugar
• Helps to dissolve nutrients
• Helps to make proteins
• Water keeps organisms cool.

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The Water Cycle

• Every living thing needs water.
• Evaporation - huge amounts of water are
  transferred from lakes and oceans to the
  atmosphere.
• Water condenses in the atmosphere.
• The water returns to the Earth as precipitation.
• Plants absorb water for photosynthesis and return
  water to the atmosphere through transpiration.
• Animals get water by drinking it and by eating
  plants and return water to the atmosphere through
  their skin and respiratory systems.
• The available supply of water is a circular
  pathway of water on earth from the atmosphere to
  the surface, below ground and back.

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What are the three states in which water can
commonly be found on Earth?

• Solid ice
• Liquid water
• Gas water vapor or steam

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The Water Cycle
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The Carbon Cycle

• Photosynthesis
• Respiration
• Decomposition
• 4. Combustion

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• The Carbon Cycle
• The carbon Cycle is the moving of carbon based
  matter through an ecosystem.
• Organic molecules are any molecules with Carbon.
  These molecules move through the carbon cycle
• Carbon Dioxide in the air
• Glucose (sugar) in food
• Fossil fuels in the ground
• Carbon in soil and rocks
• Carbon in plant and animal cells

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These molecules move through the cycle through,
photosynthesis, respiration, consuming,
decomposition, and combustion.
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• Photosynthesis and respiration
• Photosynthesis is when plants use sunlight
  to make glucose (their own food).
• Takes Carbon Dioxide and Water and makes Glucose
• Animals eat plants to get the glucose and
  nutrients
• Photosynthesis moves carbon from the air into
  living things

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Respiration

• Respiration is the process of using oxygen to
  burn sugar for energy
• Oxygen combines with glucose and energy is
  released
• Carbon dioxide and water are waste products from
  respiration
• Respiration takes carbon from organisms and puts
  it back in the air.

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Decomposition

• Decomposition is the breakdown of a substance
  into a simpler molecule
• Organisms that breakdown these substances are
  decomposers
• A fungi may break down a dead tree into carbon
  dioxide, water, and carbon nutrients for the soil

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Combustion

• Combustion is the process of burning a substance
  with carbon.
• Burning turns carbon materials into Carbon
  Dioxide in the air
• Combustion takes carbon from the earth and puts
  it into the air.

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The Carbon Dioxide-Oxygen Cycle
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Carbon Dioxide-Oxygen Cycle

• Animals use oxygen to burn food in their bodies
  and release carbon dioxide which is used by
  plants in photosynthesis and then plants release
  oxygen

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The Nitrogen Cycle(78 of atmosphere)

• Nitrogen is important for organisms to make cells
  and proteins.
• Lightning and Bacteria nitrogen fixation. These
  are the only two ways to convert nitrogen to a
  usable form in nature.
• Bacteria take in nitrogen from the air and
  release it into the soil
• Bacteria form a symbiotic relationship with the
  roots of some plants.
• Plants use nitrogen from the soil
• Animals eat plants and take in nitrogen.
• Decomposing animals release nitrogen into the
  soil.

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The Nitrogen Cycle
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The Phosphorus or Calcium Cycle

• Rocks are uplifted above the ground
• Phosphorus from the rocks are released by
  weathering (rain, snow, etc) and go back into the
  ground
• Plants and some fungus take up phosphorus
• Consumers eat plants and take phosphorus
  throughout the food web
• Phosphorus is released back into soil when plants
  and animals die (detritus).

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The Phosphorus Cycle
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Calcium Cycle

• Calcium from the rock is released by weathering
  (rain, snow, etc) and go back into the ground
• Plants and some fungus take up calcium
• Consumers eat plants and take calcium throughout
  the food web
• Calcium is released back into soil when plants
  and animals die (detritus).

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Section Summary

• Precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, and
  condensation are parts of the water cycle.
• Photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and
  combustion are parts of the carbon cycle.
• In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen gas is converted
  into other forms and back to gas again.
• Many forms of matter on Earth pass through
  cycles. These cycles may be connected in many
  ways.

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Chapter 19, Section 2 (pages 512-515)

• Ecological Succession

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Ecological Succession

• succession the replacement of one type of
  community with another of a single place over a
  period of time

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Ecological Succession

• A gradual development of a community over time,
  such as the regrowth of a forest after a fire, is
  called succession
• 1. primary succession
• 2. secondary succession
• 3. mature communities and biodiversity

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Ecological Succession

• 1. Primary Succession occurs in an area where
  other organisms had not previously lived
• The first organisms to live in this area are
  called pioneer species
• Lichens are the most common Pioneer Species
• Lichens are a mass of fungal and algal cells that
  grow together in a symbiotic relationship.

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Ecological Succession

• 2. Secondary Succession - A change in the
  community in which new populations of organisms
  gradually replace existing ones
• It occurs in an area where an existing community
  is partially damaged

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Ecological Succession

• Climax or mature Community a community that is
  stable and has a great diversity of organisms

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What is a Habitat?

• A habitat is a place where a particular animal or
  plant species lives.
• An artificial habitat is a manmade place.
• The ecological role of the organism in its
  habitat is called its niche.

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Limits on Population Growth

• Limiting factors slow the population growth rate
  down.
• Population growth levels off at a carrying
  capacitythe largest population size of a given
  species an environment can hold.

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Population Size

• Number of individuals present at a given time
• The passenger pigeon was once North Americas
  most numerous bird, but is now extinct.

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Population Density

• Number of individuals per unit area
• In the 19th century, the flocks of passenger
  pigeons showed high population density.

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Population Distribution

• Habitat arrangement of individuals

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Determining Population Size

• Direct Observation actual counting
• Indirect Observation estimation by counting
  nests or snake holes
• Sampling divide the area into a grid and take a
  sample of this area then multiply by the total
  amount of grids
• Mark and recapture capture, mark, release, then
  recapture and use a formula to determine how many
  in the population

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Mimicry

• Mimicry allows one animal to look, sound, or act
  like another animal to fool predators into
  thinking it is poisonous or dangerous.  

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Physical adaptation
Mimicry looking or sounding like another
living organism
The Viceroy butterfly uses mimicry to look like
the Monarch butterfly. Can you tell them apart?
Im the Viceroy!
Poisonous
Im the Monarch!
Not poisonous
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More Mimicry

• Hawk Moth Mimicry
• This moth caterpillar defends itself by mimicking
  a snake.