Compressed baryonic matter -

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Compressed baryonic matter - Experiments at GSI
and at FAIR
Peter Senger (GSI)
Outline Probing dense baryonic matter (1-3 ?0)
?The nuclear equation-of-state ? In
medium properties of strange mesons Towards
highest baryon densities (3-10 ?0) ?
Exploring the phases of QCD matter
Dense Matter In Heavy Ion Collisions and
Astrophysics, August 2006, Dubna
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Birth and death of stars
8M?? M ? 15M? Supernova II 1.4M?? Mcore?
2M? neutron star
M ? ?8M? red giant
white dwarf
M ??15M? Supernova IIa M ?? 2M? black hole
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The Crab nebula ...... and his pulsating heart
In 1054 chinese astronomers observed a visiting
star As bright as the full moon for 1 month
glowing remnant of a core collapse
supernova distance from earth about 7000 light
years diameter about ca. 10 light
years, expansion about 1000 Km/s.
1968/69 discovery of a pulsating radiation
source (30 Hz)
Rotating neutron star with strong magnetic
field Synchrotron radiation from high energy
electrons
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no pulsar observed up to now !
Supernova 1987 near the Tarantula nebula in the
Large Magellanic Cloud
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Measured neutron star masses
Compiled by S. Thorsett, Princeton Univ. 1997
more than 1500 pulsars known best determined
mass M (1.4411 ? 0.00035)M? (Hulse-Taylor-Pulsa
r) shortest rotation period 1.557 ms (PSR
193721)
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Strongly interacting matter in neutron stars
neutron star core with correlated qq pairs color
superconductivity
qq
Strangeness" of dense matter ? In-medium
properties of hadrons ? Compressibility of
nuclear matter? Deconfinement at high baryon
densities ?
nucleon star kaon condensate
F. Weber J.Phys. G27 (2001) 465
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Extreme states of strongly interacting matter
baryons hadrons partons

Compression heating quark-gluon
matter (pion production)
Au-nucleus R ? 7 fm, V ? 1400 fm3 Nucleon
R ? 0.8 fm, V ? 2 fm3 200 Nucleons V ?
400 fm3 At 3 4 ?0 nucleons overlap
Neutron stars
Early universe
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The evolution of matter in the universe
15 billion years
3 K
Where are the antiparticles ?
1 billion years
20 K
3000 K
time
300.000 years
temperature
3 minutes
109 K
1 millisecond
1012 K
The soup of the first millisecond quarks,
antiquarks, electrons, positrons, gluons, photons
Distanz
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Mapping the QCD phase diagram with heavy-ion
collisions
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High energy AuAu collisions in transport
calculations
B. Friman, W. Nörenberg, V.D. Toneev Eur. Phys.
J. A3 (1998) 165
For beam energies lt 50 A GeV fireball lifetimes
gt 3 fm/c
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The quest for the equation-of-state of dense
nuclear matter

• Info on the EOS is relevant for
• dynamics of core-collapse supernova (? lt 3 ?0)
• neutron star stability (? gt 3 ?0)
• Experimental approaches
• pion yield in AA collisions (R.Stock)
• collective flow in AA collisions
• kaon production in AA collisions

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Determination of the Equation of State of dense
matter from collective flow of particles
P. Danielewicz, R. Lacey, W.G. Lynch, Science 298
(2002) 1592
directed transverse flow
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Determination of the Equation of State of dense
matter from collective flow of particles
P. Danielewicz, R. Lacey, W.G. Lynch, Science 298
(2002) 1592
elliptic flow
dN/dF ? (1 2v1 cosF 2v2 cos2F)
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Zero temperature EOS
P. Danielewicz, R. Lacey, W.G. Lynch, Science 298
(2002) 1592
pressure versus density
shaded areas are consistent with experimental
flow results
No firm conclusion on EOS, problems due to ?
momentum dependent interactions ? no cluster
formation in transport
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Kaon production in AuAu collisions at 1 AGeV
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The creation of strange mesons
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Probing the nuclear equation-of-state at high
density by K meson production in CC and AuAu
collisions
C. Sturm et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 39
Idea K yield ? baryon density ?
? compressibility ? AuAu at 1 AGeV (RBUU)
soft eos ? ?max? 2.9 ?0 ? K yield up hard eos
? ?max? 2.4 ?0 ? K yield down but in CC no
influence of eos on K yield !
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QMD transport calculations
C. Fuchs et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 86 (2001) 1974
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The compressibility of nuclear matter
Experiment C. Sturm et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86
(2001) 39
Theory QMD C. Fuchs et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86
(2001) 1974 IQMD Ch. Hartnack, J.
Aichelin, J. Phys. G 28 (2002) 1649
Figure by C. Fuchs
soft equation-of-state k 200 MeV
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K mesons in dense matter (I)
G.E Brown, C.H. Lee, M. Rho, V. Thorsson, Nucl.
Phys. A 567 (1994) 937 T. Waas, N. Kaiser, W.
Weise, Phys. Lett. B 379 (1996) 34 J.
Schaffner-Bielich, J. Bondorf, I. Mishustin
, Nucl. Phys. A 625 (1997)
How to measure in-medium modifications of kaons
in heavy-ion collisions? ? yield at subthreshold
beam energies ? repulsive KN and attractive K-N
potential angular distributions
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In-medium modifications of K mesons
Data M. Menzel et al., KaoS Collab., Phys.
Lett. B 495 (2000) 26 K. Wisniewski et
al., FOPI Collab., Eur. Phys. J A 9 (2000) 515

Figure by C. Fuchs
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K azimuthal emission pattern from AA collisions
Data Y. Shin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81
(1998) 1576 F. Uhlig et al.,
Phys.Rev.Lett. 95 (2005) 012301 Theory A.
Larionov, U. Mosel, nucl-th/0504023
Evidence for repulsive KN interaction !
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K mesons in dense matter (II)
G.E Brown, C.H. Lee, M. Rho, V. Thorsson, Nucl.
Phys. A 567 (1994) 937 T. Waas, N. Kaiser, W.
Weise, Phys. Lett. B 379 (1996) 34 J.
Schaffner-Bielich, J. Bondorf, I. Mishustin
, Nucl. Phys. A 625 (1997)
K- condensation in neutron stars (e- ?K- ?e, n
? p K- ) ?
G.E. Brown, H.A. Bethe, Astrophys. Jour. 423
(1994) 659 G.Q.Li, C.H. Lee, G.E. Brown ,
Nucl. Phys. A 625 (1997)
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Enhanced antikaon production in AA collisions
F. Laue, C. Sturm et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82
(1999) 1640 M. Menzel et al., Phys. Lett. B 495
(2000) 26
Parameterization A.Sibirtsev, W. Cassing, C.M.
Ko, Z. Phys. A 258 (1997) 101
Enhancement due to ? Strangeness exchange
reactions pL ? K- N ? ? Attractive in-medium K- N
potential ?
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NiNi at 1.93 AGeV p, K and K- azimuthal
distributions
F. Uhlig et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005)
012301
3.8 fm lt b lt 6.4 fm 0.4 lt y/ybeam lt0.6 0.2
GeV lt p-lt 0.8 GeV
IQMD CalculationC. Hartnack et al.
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AuAu 1.5 AGeV semi-central collisions (b gt 6.4
fm) K and K- azimuthal angular distributions
M. Ploskon, PhD Thesis 2005
dN(f)/f ? 1 2v1cos(f) 2v2cos(2f) ...
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K mesons in dense matter (III) In-medium
spectral functions of K-, ? (1405) and ? (1385)
M. Lutz, C. Korpa, Nucl. Phys. A 700 (2002) 309
self-consistent coupled channel calculation
(s,p,d waves)
L. Tolos et al., NPA 690 (2001) 547 coupled
channel G-Matrix approach
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Off-shell transport calculations (HSD code)
W. Cassing et al., NPA 727 (2003) 59
delayed K- production via strangeness
exchange reactions which are enhanced due to
in-medium modifications of hyperons
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Elliptic flow of K and K- mesons Comparison to
off-shell transport calculations and in-medium
spectral functions
Data M. Ploskon, PhD Thesis, Univ. Frankfurt
2005 Off-shell transport calculations W. Cassing
et al., NPA 727 (2003) 59, E. Bratkovskaya,
priv. com. Coupled channel G-Matrix approach (K-
spectral functions) L. Tolos et al., NPA 690
(2001) 547
dN(f)/f ? 1 2v1cos(f) 2v2cos(2f) ...
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Summary and outlook (part I)
Probing dense baryonic matter (1-3 ?0) with
kaons Excitation function of K
production in AA collisions ? The nuclear
matter equation-of-state is soft (K ? 200
MeV) Yield and elliptic flow of K mesons ? The
in-medium potential of K mesons is repulsive
Yield and elliptic flow of K- mesons ?
Quantitative interpretation of data requires
off-shell transport calculations and in-medium
spectral functions
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The Kaon Spectrometer at SIS (1991 2002)
Collaboration
GSI Darmstadt P. Koczon, F. Laue, M. Ploskon,
E. Schwab, P Senger, C. Sturm TU Darmstadt
A. Förster, S. Lang, H. Oeschler, A. Schmah, F.
Uhlig Univ. Frankfurt Y. Shin, T. Schuck, H.
Ströbele Univ. Marburg I. Böttcher, B.
Kohlmeyer, M. Menzel Univ. Kraków M.
Debowski, G. Surówka, W. Walus FZ Rossendorf
F. Dohrmann, E. Grosse, L. Naumann, W.
Scheinast, W. Wagner
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