Title: IDEF 1X Concept AND ERwin Operation
1??? ??????
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2Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
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6??? ??????????
- ????
- ????(phylogeny)????????????
- ?????(phylogenetics)???????????
- ?????(phylogenetic tree)????,??????????
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8Willi Hennig (1913-1976) ?????(???)???
9- ???????
- ??????????
- ???????????????
- ???????
- ???????????????????
- ????????????????
- ??????????
- ???DNA
- ????????????????
10?????????
???? (?????)
11- ???????
- (1)????????,???????????????????????????????????
? - (2)??????????????,??????????
- (3)?????????????????????????????
12- ??????????,????????????,????????????
-
- ?????????
- ????????
133?????????
- (1)????
- (2)??????
- (3)???????
- (4)???????
14- ????????
- ?S(i,j)???i???j??????????
?????? ??Sr(i,j)???i?j??????????????,Smax(i,
j)??????? ?Sr(i,j)0 ???????????????,????
?????????
15- ????
- ??
- ????
- ?????????
- ??????DNA???????????????
- ????????????????A?T?G?C
16- ???????????????
- ?????????
- ???????
- ?????
- Fitch-Margoliash?
- ??????
- ???????????
- ?????
- ?????
- ?????
- ?????
17- ???????????????????,?????????????????3??
- (1)??????
- ?????????,?????????????????
- (2)??????
- ???????????????????????,??????,?????
- (3)?????????
- ?????????????????????,???????
18 ??? ??????????????
- ?????
- ?????????????,????????????????,??????????????????
???
1910??????????
20- ?,???????,???????
- dab 0.08
dac
0.45 - dbc 0.43
??????,?? ??6.2???????
211??????
- ????????T,??????????,?????????????????,??????
-
- ??,Dij???i?j???????(??????????),dij???i?j????
??T ????,Wij????i?j??????SSQ(T)??T????????????????
????Wij???1,? - Wij 1/
Dij2
222???????
- ???????????
- ??????????,????????(??????????)
- ???????????????????
????? d(x,u)min(d(y,u),d(z,u)) ??????
d(x,u)max(d(y,u),d(z,u)) ??????
d(x,u)1/2(d(y,u)d(z,u)) ??x??y?z???,u?????????
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243?????????(Unweighted Pair Group Method with
Arithmetic mean, UPGMA)
- ??????????,?????????????????????????
- ?????????????,????????????????????????,????????
?,?????????????? - ??????????,??????????????????????????????????????
?
25UPGMA????????? (1) ????????????,???n???,??????n?
?,???????1,???n????????? (2)?????? l ????????D
ij????i?j????????(ij) l ??i?j?????
(ij),????????,?i ?j ???(ij),??????Dij/2 l ??????
?????? ??ni?nj?(ninj)???i??j??(ij)?????? l
??????????i??j??????,??(ij)???????
????,??????????
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274??????
- ????
- ????????,?????????????,?????????????????
- ??????????????????,??????????????,???????????????
????,?????????????,???????????? - ???????, ??????????
28????????,???????????????????i,????????ui
??????? ui ?k?i(Dik/(n-2)) ??Dik???i???
k????? ??Dij-ui-uj???????i ???j ????
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30- ????
- (1)???(?UPGMA??)
- (2)??
- ?????????i,??ui ?k?I (Dik/(n-2))
- ????????i ?j ,?Dij-ui-uj??
- ?i?j?????? (ij),???????????,????????,???i?j???
?????? - di,(ij) 1/2Di,j 1/2(ui-uj), dj,(ij)
1/2Di,j 1/2(uj-ui) - ???????????
- D(ij),k 1/2(Di,k Dj,k - Di,j)
- ????i?j,???? (ij)
- ????????????,?????????????Di,j??????????? ?
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32?6.7 ????????????????
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34??? ??????????????
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- ??n???
- m??????????
- ???????????
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35- ?????nm?????M
- ??????????????????,?????????????????
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361??????
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??????????????????????????
37(No Transcript)
38?????????? (1)????????,???????????????????????,??
???????,?????????DNA??????? (2)??????,?????????,?
???????????? (3)???????????(???????????),????????
??,?????????????????,?????????
39 ?????????T ????????V(T)??, ????E(T),
?uj?vj??????u?v??j???, ??T????
40???Fitch?? ????????????,???????v,??vc????????????
?????? (1) ?????v??????Sv??v???? ,?Sv
vc??v?????,??u?w?????,??Su?Sw ??,?Sv
Su?Sw?? S(v)Su?Sw ????????????,????????????????
,????????????????? (2)????Sv,???????v???c???vc???v
??????u??uc?Sv,??uc??vc,??????t?Sv??vc????????????
????????,??????,???????,??????????????????????????
??
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422??????
- ??????????????????????????????
- ?????????,?????????M(M???)
- ? ?????,??P(MT)??,
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443??????
?????????????????(compatibility),?????????????? ??
?,??????????? ??????????????????,??????????????,??
???????
45?S???????? T???S?????? ???????????????????,????T??
????,???????????T?????
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47- ?????????
- ???????????,????????????????????
- ??
- ??????????(??)????????
- ????????????????????????????????
- ????
- ????
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50- ??????????????
- ?????
- ???????
- ?????,?????
- ???????????
- ????????????
- ?????????
- ????????????
- ?????????
- ??????????????
- ??????(pathway)???
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53??????????
- (1) PHYLIP
- (2) PAUP
- (3) TREE-PUZZLE
- (4) MEGA
- (5) PAML
- (6) TreeView
- (7) VOSTORG
- (8) Fitch programs
- (9) Phylo_win
- (10) ARB
- (11) DAMBE
- (12) PAL
- (13) Bionumerics
- ?????
- http//evolution.genetics.washington.edu/phylip/so
ftware.html
54????????
- ?????
- 13?????????????
- (1)??????
- (2)???????
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56- ?????????????????,???????????????????????????????
57(No Transcript)
58- SARS?????????
- SARS??????????????????
- ?????
- RNA?????(???1a, 1b)
- S??(spike protein)
- E??(membrane protein)
- N??(nucleocapsid protein)??
- ???????
59SARS?????????????????,?????????????
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61THE END