Comprehensive Exam Review

1
Comprehensive Exam Review
Click the LEFT mouse key ONCE to continue
2
Professional Orientation Part 1
Click the LEFT mouse key ONCE to continue
3
History of the Helping Professions
4
Counseling shares many aspects with psychology
but has evolved as a distinct profession in the
United States.
Counseling evolved from psychological,
psychometric, vocational, and humanistic
movements in the mid-20th Century.
5
Western psychotherapy evolved in Europe in the
19th and early 20th Century and was exported to
the U.S.
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis as a
"talking cure" for psychological illnesses.
Alfred Adler and Carl Jung, among others,
expanded on many psychoanalytic concepts.
They emphasized the importance of early childhood
experiences and unconsciousness in determining
mental health and mental disorders.
6
Anna Freud, Erik Erikson, Karen Horney, and Erich
Fromm developed Ego Psychology, which emphasized
the importance of psychosocial development across
the lifespan..
William James, John Watson, Albert Bandura, and
B. F. Skinner established American behaviorism,
which promoted the preeminence of behavior in
determining mental health based on reflexive and
respondent conditioning. Dollard and Miller
expanded behaviorism to include social learning.
7
R. D. Lang, Victor Frankl, and Rollo May
introduced existential psychotherapy based on the
belief that persons have the capacity to
self-actualize given optimal conditions.
Carl Rogers developed client-centered and, later,
person-centered therapy as a non-directive,
humanistic counseling approach.
8
Rogers believed that creating certain conditions
in counseling, including unconditional positive
regard for the client, was both necessary and
sufficient to affect positive psychological
change.
He later expanded his approach to include group
therapy and encounter groups.
9
Frederich "Fritz" Perls and his wife, Laura
Posner, developed Gestalt therapy as a
confrontational means of getting clients to live
in the here and now.
Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Donald Meichenbaum
proposed irrational thinking as a cause of
psychological distress and introduced
Cognitive-Behavioral therapy, which proposes that
thinking affects feelings and precedes actions.
10
Arnold Lazarus expanded the cognitive-behavioral
approach into his Multi-Modal therapy, which
looks at the contributions of a variety of senses
and sources as contributing to psychological
well-being.
William Glasser and Robert Wubbolding developed
Reality Therapy as a kind of cognitive behavioral
approach emphasizing client commitment and
responsibility.
Glasser later expanded this approach to include
control and choice theory.
11
School and vocational guidance helped form
counseling as an approach and a profession.
Jesse B. Davis, Eli Weaver, and Frank Parsons
were instrumental in establishing school and
vocational counseling in the U.S. at the
beginning of the 20th century.
12
The National Defense Education Act of 1958 helped
establish counseling in schools and provided
funds for the training of counselors and
counselor educators.
More recently, counseling has been influenced by
family therapy and the systemic approach,
feminist therapy, brief and solution-focused
therapy, and multicultural approaches to
counseling.
13
Historical Highlights include
1913 - National Vocational Guidance Association
established 1931 - American College
Personnel Association established 1940 -
National Association of Guidance Supervisors
established 1952 - American Personnel and
Guidance Association (APGA) established 1959 -
APGA (ACA) adopts ethical standards
14
1981 - Council for the Accreditation
of Counseling and Related Educational Programs
(CACREP) established 1982 - National Board for
Certified Counselors (NBCC) established 1983 -
APGA becomes the American Association for
Counseling and Development (AACD) 1992 - AACD
becomes the American Counseling Association
(ACA) 1995 - ACA adopts revised Code of
Ethics and Standards of Practice
15
Professional Roles and Functions
16
Professional Counselors are trained at the
master's degree level, typically 60 semester
hours, and are licensed in most states.
They work in a variety of settings, including
schools, clinics, agencies, health maintenance
organizations, business and industry, and private
practice.
17
Scope of practice includes the application of
mental heath, psychological, or human development
principles through cognitive, affective,
behavioral, or systemic interventions or
strategies that address wellness, personal
growth, or career development, as well as
pathology.
In many states, Licensed Professional Counselors
can administer psychological tests, diagnose and
treat mental and emotional disorders, and be
reimbursed for treatment by insurance providers.
18
Psychologists are usually trained and licensed at
the doctoral level and work in a variety of
settings.
Their scope of practice is very broad and
includes the administration of psychological
tests and the diagnosis and treatment of mental
and emotional disorders, and they are reimbursed
for treatment by insurance providers.
19
Psychiatrists are medical doctors who receive
specialized psychiatric training and residency.
Their scope of practice is similar to that of
psychologists, but in addition, they can
prescribe medication.
They usually work in hospital settings and in
private practice and can receive insurance
reimbursement.
20
Psychoanalysts are psychotherapists who are
trained in psychoanalysis at special institutes.
Psychoanalysts may or may not have a doctoral
degree and may or may not be licensed.
They tend to see clients in private practice for
long-term therapy.
21
Social Workers have a special concern for
com-munity problems that may cause psychological
problems.
They have either a bachelor's or master's degree
in social work and are licensed to practice in
most states.
They specialize in diagnosing and treating
clients in their family and social context.
They work in public institutions, health
maintenance organizations, community agencies or
in private practice, and they often can receive
insurance reimbursement.
22
Psychiatric Nurses have received specialized
training and residency in psychiatric treatment
and are registered or licensed in all states.
They work in hospitals and other health care
institutions.
23
Psychotherapists typically are not regulated by
licensure. Anyone can call himself or herself a
psychotherapist.
Typically, they are not eligible for insurance
reimbursement unless they operate under another
professional license.
24
Marriage and Family Therapists specialize in
treating families, usually from a systemic
perspective.
They have certification or licensure in some
states. In other states, marriage and family
therapy is a specialty under other licensed
professions, like counseling.
They work in institutions or in private practice
and often receive insurance reimbursement.
25
While there is considerable overlap in the
training and practice of counselors and other
helping professionals, counselors tend to
emphasize mental health rather than mental
illness and utilize counseling as a preventative
treatment as well as remedial treatment.
Counselors view clients holistically, recognizing
the influence of a variety of factors on mental
health, including gender, ethnicity, family, and
culture.
26
Professional Organizations
27
The American Counseling Association (ACA) is the
world's largest organization representing
professional counselors.
It is a non-profit association with a mission to
promote public confidence and trust in the
counseling profession.
28
ACA is an educational, scientific and
professional organization whose members are
dedicated to the enhancement of human development
throughout the life span.
Services and benefits to ACA Members include the
opportunity to gain continuing education units,
job searching and networking opportunities,
professional liability insurance, counseling
resources such as journals, books, and
videotapes, and representation and advocacy such
as lobbying.
29
ACA Divisions
There are 15 chartered divisions within the
American Counseling Association.
These divisions provide leadership, resources and
information unique to specialized areas, and/or
principles of counseling.
30
Association for Assessment in Counseling (AAC) -
Originally the Association for Measurement and
Evaluation in Guidance, AAC was chartered in
1965. The purpose of AAC is to promote effective
assessment and evaluation in the counseling
profession.
Association for Adult Development and Aging
(AADA) - Chartered in 1986, AADA serves as a
focal point for information sharing, professional
development, and advocacy related to adult
development and aging issues, and addresses
counseling concerns across the lifespan.
31
American College Counseling Association (ACCA) -
ACCA is one of the newest divisions of the
Amer-ican Counseling Association. Chartered in
1991, the focus of ACCA is to foster student
develop-ment in colleges, universities, and
community colleges.
Association for Counselors and Educators in
Government (ACEG) - Originally the Military
Educators and Counselors Association, ACEG was
chartered in 1984. ACEG is dedicated to
counseling clients and families in local, state,
and federal government or military-related
agencies.
32
Association for Counselor Education and
Super-vision (ACES) - Originally the National
Associa-tion of Guidance and Counselor Trainers,
ACES was a founding association of ACA in 1952.
ACES emphasizes the need for quality education
and supervision of counselors for all work
settings.
Association for Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues
in Counseling (AGLBIC) - The focus of this
division is to educate counselors to the unique
needs of client identity development and a
non-threatening counseling environment by aiding
in reduction of negative stereotypes and
prejudice.
33
Association for Humanistic Education and
Development (AHEAD) - AHEAD, a founding
association of ACA in 1952, provides a forum for
the exchange of information about
humanistical-ly-oriented counseling practices and
promotes changes that reflect the growing body of
know-ledge about humanistic principles applied to
human development and potential.
American Rehabilitation Counseling Association
(ARCA) - Chartered in 1958, ARCA is concerned
with helping people with physical, mental, or
emotional disabilities to improve their lives.
34
Association for Multicultural Counseling and
Development (AMCD) - Originally the Association
for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and
Guid-ance, AMCD was chartered in 1972. AMCD
strives to improve cultural, ethnic, and racial
empathy and understanding by programs to advance
and sustain personal growth.
Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW)
- Chartered in 1973, ASGW provides professional
leadership in the field of group work,
establishes standards for professional training,
and supports research and the dissemination of
knowledge.
35
Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious
Values in Counseling (ASERVIC) - Originally the
National Catholic Guidance Conference, ASERVIC
was chartered in 1974. ASERVIC is devoted to
professionals who believe that spiritual,
ethical, religious, and other human values are
essential to the full development of the person
and to the discipline of counseling.
International Association of Marriage and Family
Counselors (IAMFC) - Chartered in 1989, IAMFC
members help develop healthy family systems
through prevention, education, and therapy.
36
National Career Development Association (NCDA) -
Originally the National Vocational Guidance
Association, NCDA was one of the founding
asso-ciations of ACA in 1952. The mission of
NCDA is to promote career development for all
people across the lifespan through public
information, member services, conferences, and
publications.
National Employment Counseling Association (NECA)
- Originally the National Employment Counselors
Association, NECA was chartered in 1966. The
commitment of NECA is to offer professional
leadership to people who counsel in employment
and/or career development settings.
37
International Association of Addiction and
Offender Counselors (IAAOC) - Originally the
Public Offender Counselor Association, IAAOC was
chartered in 1972. IAAOC members advocate
development of effective counseling and
rehabilitation programs for people with substance
abuse and/or other addictions, and adult and/or
juvenile public offenders.
38
ACA Branches
ACA has 56 chartered branches in the U.S.,
Europe, and Latin America. In addition, many
states and some countries have state and regional
affiliates to ACA divisions, such as state-level
school counseling or mental health counseling
associations. Branches and affiliates offer
local and regional workshops and conferences and
keep members informed of local issues and
opportunities.
39
ACA Affiliates
Two former divisions of ACA have now separated
and become free-standing professional
organizations. However, although they are
legally-separate entities, they retain close
philosophical and professional ties to ACA.
40
American School Counselor Association (ASCA) -
Chartered in 1953, ASCA promotes school
coun-seling professionals and interest in
activities that affect the personal, educational,
and career de-velopment of students. ASCA
members also work with parents, educators, and
community members to provide a positive learning
environment.
American Mental Health Counselors Association
(AMHCA) - Chartered in 1978, AMHCA repre-sents
mental health counselors and actively advocates
for client-access to quality services within the
health-care industry.
41
This concludes Part 1 of the presentation
on PROFESSIONAL ORIENTATION