School-age children development ages 6 to 12 years old.

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School-age children development ages 6 to 12
years old.
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Maturation of systems

• Healthiest years of childhood.
• Gastrointestinal is reflected in fewer stomach
  upsets, better maintenance of blood sugar levels
  and an increases stomach capacity.
• Caloric needs are less than they were in the
  preschool years and less than they will be during
  the coming adolescent growth spurt.
• Bladder capacity generally greater in girls than
  in boys, there are individual variations in
  frequency of urination and differences in the
  same child according to circumstances such as
  temperature, humidity, time of day, amount of
  fluids ingested, and emotional state.

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• The immune system become more competent in its
  ability to localize infections and to produce an
  antibody-antigen response (levels of IgG IgA
  antibodies increase reach adults level).
• The heart grows more slowly during the middle
  years and is smaller in relation to the rest of
  the body than at any other period of life
  (Innocent heart murmurs may be heard due to the
  changing size of the heart in reference to the
  thorax).

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• Physiologic splitting of heart sounds may be
  present for the first time (pulmonary valve tend
  to close slightly later than the aortic valve
  (lub d-dub), usually associated with
  inspiration).
• At 6 year-old frontal sinuses are developed
  increases the possibility of sinus headache.
• Brain growth is complete by age of 10 years as a
  result fine motor coordination becomes refined.

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Preadolescence

• The period that begins toward the end of middle
  childhood and ends with the thirteenth birthday.
• There is no universal age at which children
  assume the characteristics of preadolescence.
• The first physiologic signs begin to appear of
  about 9 years (particularly in girls) and are
  usually clearly evident in 11-12 years-old
  children.
• Either early or late appearance of these
  characteristics is a source of embarrassment to
  both sexes.

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Physical Development

• School-age children typically exhibit fairly
  smooth and strong motor skills. However, they
  vary widely in coordination (especially
  eye-hand), balance, and physical tolerance.
• Gender differences in gross motor skills
  become increasingly pronounced with boys
  outperforming girls (ride a bike, swim, ice
  skate, skip a rope)

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• Fine motor skills may also vary widely and
  influence a child's ability to write neatly,
  dress appropriately, and perform certain tasks,
  such as making beds or doing dishes.
• Other fine motor skills such as typing at
  computer keyboard, drawing detailed pictures.

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• There will be significant differences in height,
  weight, and build among children of this age
  range. It is important to remember that genetic
  background, as well as nutrition and exercise,
  may influence growth.
• A great deal of variance also occurs with the age
  at which children begin to develop secondary
  sexual characteristics

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• Weight increased by 2 3 kg/year.
• Height 2.5-5 cm/year.
• Average 6 year-old Wt. is 21 kg.
• Average 6 year-old Ht. is 116 cm.
• Average 12 year-old Wt. is 40 kg.
• Average 12 year-old Ht. is 150 cm.
• Pulse rate decrease to 70-80bpm.
• Blood pressure increased to 112/60 mm Hg.
• Respiration is 20-25 breath/ min.

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Teeth

• Age of loose tooth deciduous teeth are gradually
  lost and permanent teeth erupt around age of 6
  years.
• Average child gains 28 teeth between 6 and 12
  years.
• Regular dental visits.
• Regular brushing.
• Malocclusion and dental caries are common.

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• Sleep
• Younger school age 10-12 hr/d
• Older school age 8-10 hr/d
• Nighttimes terrors may continue

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Play

• As children enter the school years, their play
  takes on new dimensions that reflect a new stage
  of development. Not only does play involves
  increased physical skill, intellectual ability,
  and fantasy, but also as children form groups,
  they begin to evolve a sense of belonging to a
  team or club.
• The games they play have fixed and unvarying
  rules that may be bizarre and extraordinarily
  rigid.

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• Sticker Riot Rules
• Keep club a secret.
• Must come to as many meetings as possible.
• Must bring sticker to every meeting
• When in another house for meetings do not come in
  house unless told.
• When at house dont touch or eat anything unless
  told.
• If you dont come to a meeting you must make up
  the meeting at someones house.
• If you miss a meeting you can bet that the other
  members are still going to have the meeting.

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• They also enjoy many quit and solitary activities
  such as collections.
• The newly acquired skill of reading becomes
  increasingly satisfying.
• Enjoy challenging play video/computer games.
• Around 7 years of age, imagination is declined.
• Helping in kitchen with jobs (making salad).

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Fears

• Most of the new fears that trouble
  them are related to school and
  family (e.g., fear of failing, fear of
  teachers, bullies and bullying, and fear of
  something bad happening to their parents).
• Excessive worry about past behavior.
• Fear of kidnapping, death.

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Language Development

• Early school-age children should be able to
  consistently use simple, but structurally
  complete, sentences that average 5 to 7 words. As
  the child progresses through the elementary
  years, grammar and pronunciation becomes normal.
  Children use more complex sentences as they grow.
• Language delays may be due to hearing problems or
  intelligence deficits. In addition, children who
  are unable to express themselves adequately may
  be more prone to exhibiting aggressive behavior
  or temper tantrums.

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Psychosocial Development (Erikson)

• Industry vs inferiority the stage of
  accomplishment (how to do things well)
• School-age children are willing to build skills
  and participate in meaningful and socially useful
  work.
• Interests expand, and with a growing sense of
  independence, children want to engage in tasks
  that can be carried through to completion.
• Failure to develop a sense of accomplishment may
  result in a sense of inferiority

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• Many aspect of industry contribute to the childs
  sense of competence and mastery
• Intrinsic motivation associated with increased
  competence in mastering new skills and assuming
  new responsibilities
• Extrinsic sources of reinforcement in the form of
  grades, material rewards, additional privileges,
  and recognition provide encouragement and
  stimulation

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Characteristics of Concrete Operational Thought
(Piaget)

• Ages 7 11 years.
• Conservation has developed.
• Classification and categorization have developed.
• Ability to resolve contradictions.
• Comprehension of past, present, and future.
• Understanding of reversibility child has control
  and flexibility.
• Using the alphabet for organization.
• Ability to verbalize directions.
• Ability to transpose (i.e., see things from
  anothers viewpoint).
• Comprehension of relational terms.
• Can use simple logic.
• humor

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Behavior

• Frequent physical complaints (such as sore
  throats, tummy aches, arm/leg pain) may simply be
  due to a child's enhanced body awareness.
• Although frequently no physical evidence for such
  complaints can be found, the complaints need to
  be investigated, both to rule out substantial
  conditions and to assure the child that the
  parent is concerned about his or her well-being
  (maintaining trust).

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• Peer acceptance becomes increasingly important
  during the school-age years. Behaviors that are
  important to be part of the group need to be
  negotiated with parents to allow the child to
  have some conformity and group standing without
  crossing beyond the boundaries of acceptable
  behavior within the family's standards.

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• Friendships at this age tend to be primarily with
  members of the same sex. In fact, early
  school-age children typically talk about how
  "strange" or "awful" members of the opposite sex
  are. This lack of appreciation of the opposite
  sex steadily diminishes as the child approaches
  adolescence.

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• Lying, cheating, or stealing are all examples of
  behaviors that school-age children may "try on"
  in learning how to negotiate the many
  expectations and rules placed upon them by
  family, friends, the school, and society in
  general.

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Nutrition

• Good appetites
• Educate about healthy foods and
  balanced diet
• Fostering industry by planning meals
• Require more iron, fluoride calcium teething ,
  pre-puberty
• Obesity may occur (junk foods)

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• Promoting school safety
• More accidents as a result of being independent
• Can follow instructions
• Bicycle safety use helmet
• Drugs, tobacco use

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Common Health Problems

• Enuresis.
• Dental caries.
• Attention Defect Disorder (ADD)/Attention Defect
  Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
• Malocclusion

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Malocclusion

• good jaw alignment is necessary for optimum teeth
  formation, health of supporting tissues, optimum
  speech development pleasant appearance.
• May be congenital and related to conditions such
  as cleft palate, small lower jaw or familial.
• May result from constant mouth breathing

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Treatment
Braces are needed