Health Psychology

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Health Psychology Class 3 Physiology, Part II
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Power Point Slides http//nwkpsych.rutgers.edu/
kharber/healthpsychology
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High Five the Body!
What a piece of work is a man, how noble in
reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and
moving how express and admirable, in action how
like an angel, in apprehension how like a god!
Hamlet Act 2 Scene 2, Wllm. Shakespeare
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Respiratory System Functions
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Take in Oxygen
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Expel CO2
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Regulate relative composition of blood
Medulla regulates resp. system, responsive to
blood chemistry
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Air ? Nose Mouth ? pharynx larynx ? trachea ?
Primary bronchi ? Lungs ? secondary
bronchi ? bronchioles ? alveolar
ducts ? alveoli ? blood
Respiratory System From Air to Blood
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Respiratory Disorders
Asphyxia Too little Oxy, too much CO2 Anoxia
Insufficient Oxy. Hyperventilation Too much
Oxy Hay fever foreign bodies (dust, pollen) ?
histamines ? inflammation of lung capillaries ?
fluids (mucus) ? sneezing. Asthma triggers ?
contraction of muscles around air tubes ?
clogging of air tubes ? air intake. ALSO,
inflammation ? mucus production ? obstructs
bronchioles ? less Oxy and too much CO2.
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Respiratory Disorders, cont.
Viral Infections Common cold, influenza,
bronchitis Bacterial infections Strep,
whooping cough, diphtheria Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Emphysema -- 4th
deadliest disease alveoli become
inelasticcant exhale Due mainly to
smoking Incurable Chronic bronchitis Pneumon
ia Tuberculosis and Pleurisy
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Failed Rx Compliance and the Generation of
Super Bugs
Poor compliance ? production of hardier microbes
? production more powerful drugs ? poor
compliance Poor compliance ? hardier
microbes, etc. Health psych issues a.
Doctor/patient communication b. Obstacles to
compliance
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Mouth (saliva ? bolus) ? Esophagus (peristalsis)
? Stomach (pepsin, hydrochloric acid)
? Duodenum (carbs, proteins, fats) ? Jejunum ? Sm
all intestine ? Large intestine ? Rectum ? Anus
Digestive Tract
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Digestive Tract, Cont.
Vagus Nerve gastric juices, stomach Pancreas
enzymes to duodenum insulin Liver bile, stored
in gall bladder
Parasymp. NS speeds up/slows down metabolism?
Symp. NS speeds up/slows down metabolism?
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During stress, ___ Parasymp or ____ Symp is
activated?
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Disorders of the Digestive System
Intestines Stomach Gall Bladder
Liver
Gastroenteritis, diarrhea, dysentery
Peptic ulcer Stress aggravates, doesnt
cause
Gall stones
Hepatitis Hep. A Water/food borne Hep. B
Blood borne (needles, sex) Hep. C (blood
transfusions) Hep. D, E
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Gut Feelings in the DesertAntoine De Saint
Exupery and the Dragon Fly
I shaved carefully in a cracked mirror. From
time to time I went to the door and looked at the
naked sand. I was thoughtful. For the
moment everything was all right. But I heard
something sizzling. It was a dragonfly knocking
against the lamp. Why it was I cannot say, but I
felt a twinge in my heart. I went outdoors and
looked round. The air was pure. Over the
desert reigned a vast silence as of a house in
order. But here were a green butterfly and two
dragonflies knocking against my lamp. Again I
felt a dull ache which might as easily have been
joy as fear, but came up from the depths of me.
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Saint Exupery in the Desert, continued
Something was calling to me from a great
distance. Was it instinct? Once again I went
out. The wind had died down completely. The air
was still cool. But I had received a warning. I
guessed, I believed I could guess, what I was
expecting. I climbed a dune and sat down face
to the east. If I was right, the thing would not
be long in coming. What were they after here,
those dragonflies, hundreds of miles from their
oases inland?
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Saint Exupery in the Desert
Wreckage thrown up upon the beach bears witness
to a storm at sea. Even so did these insects
declare to me that a sand storm was on the way, a
storm out of the east that had blown them out of
their oases. Solemnly, for it was fraught with
danger, the east wind rose. But that was not
what excited. What filled me with a barbaric joy
was that I had been able to read the anger of
the desert in the beating wings of a
dragonfly. St. Exupery, A. (1939). Wind, sand,
and stars.
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Brain in Gut (aka Neurogastroenterology)

• More neurons than spinal cord
• Fibers non-mylinatedlike in big brain
• Bathed in same neurochemicals as big brain
• Suffers damage to big-brain diseases
• 5. Responsive to psychotropic drugs

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Are Gut Feelings Real?

• Big brain and gut brain communicate
• Stressful event 1 Big brain stores threat in
  emotion memory
• Stressful event 2 Limbic system responds, sends
  signal to gut. Gut may get signal before
  cortex.
• 4. Resultgut feeling

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Renal System
Anatomy Kidneys, ureters, bladder,
urethra Function Rid body of waste fluids
Chemical balances in blood Nephrons
Filters in kidneys Disorders Urinary tract
infections Nephritis kidneys
inflamed Kidney failure
Deadly
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Genetics, Health, and Psychology
Many serious illnesses are hereditary Cystic
Fibrosis Lou Gehrigs Disease (ALS) Down
Syndrome Tay-Sachs Disease Ethical Issues
Tell / Dont tell person if they have
gene. Psychological contribution Genetic
counseling At-risk pregnancies Dramatic
precautions (e.g., preventive hysterectomy)
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Transmission of Disease
Direct transmission Indirect transmission Biolog
ical Mechanical
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Course of Infection Incubation Non-specific
Symptoms Acute Phase Infection
Types Localized Remain at sitedont
spread Focal Contracted at site but
spreads Systemic Affects multiple areas at once
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Immunity
Defined Bodys defenses against invading
organisms. Natural Immunity Breast feeding,
disease encounters Artificial Immunity
vaccinations, inoculations Non-specific
immunity 1. Anatomical barriers 2.
Phagocytosis 3. Anti-microbial substances
(interferon, e.g.) 4. Inflammatory responses
(histamines) Specific immunity 1. Dedicated to
fighting specific microorganisms 2. Acquired
via previous infection 3. Mechanism
antigen/anti-body reaction
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Immunologic Defense
Defense 1 Mechanical Defense 2 Humoral Defense 3 Cell-Mediated
Antigen enters body Coughing, sneezing Phagocytes absorb antigens (phagocytocis) B cells Mature Memory macrophage signals to TH cells TH cells signal to TC cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells. TC cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells attack antigen.
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Diseases of the Immune System
AIDS Retards T-cell production Cancer
Uncontrolled cell growth. Autoimmune diseases
immune system attacks healthy tissue. a.
Triggered by bacterial infection b. Aggravated
by stress c. Examples MS, Lupus
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Immunity
Defined Bodys defenses against invading
organisms. Natural Immunity Breast feeding,
disease encounters Artificial Immunity
vaccinations, inoculations Non-specific
immunity 1. Anatomical barriers 2.
Phagocytosis 3. Anti-microbial substances
(interferon, e.g.) 4. Inflammatory responses
(histamines) Specific immunity 1. Dedicated to
fighting specific microorganisms 2. Acquired
via previous infection 3. Mechanism
antigen/anti-body reaction
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Immunologic Defense
Non-Specific Anatomical Barriers (skin, mucous
membranes) Mechanical (coughing,
sneezing) Phagocytosis Antimicrobial Inflamatory
Response Specific Humoral B Cells (memory,
mature) -gt antibodies (faster) Cell-Mediated
Macrophage -gt TH --gt Tc, B, NK-gtTH -gt Stops
reaction (slower)
White blood cell (macrophage) attacking anthrax
bacilli (in orange)
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Diseases of the Immune System
AIDS Retards T-cell production Cancer
Uncontrolled cell growth. Autoimmune diseases
immune system attacks healthy tissue. a.
Triggered by bacterial infection, mimics legit.
substances b. Aggravated by stress c.
Examples MS, Lupus, arthritis