Sports Biomechanics

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Sports Biomechanics
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Biomechanics in Sports
One of the ergogenic aids in sports
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Role of biomechanics in sports

• understanding sporting performance
• examine internal and external forces acting on
  the body and the effects
• examine sports equipment, sporting surface etc.
• understanding causes of injury

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Whats the information for?

• Improve sport performance / technique
• Prevention of sport injuries
• Design of sport equipment
• Clinical analysis of movement pathologies
• Design of prosthesis

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Spectrum of sports biomechanics
Biomechanics
Kinetics
Kinematics
Electromyography
Static
. Force . Torque
. Position .Velocity . Acceleration
. Muscle recruitment . Timing . Firing rate
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Effects of kinematics in sports

• Better understanding of human movement during
  sports
• Optimal body positions and actions for
  efficient, effective motion

- Reach desired outcome of individual sport -
Injury prevention
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Kinematics analysis

• Visual
• Goniometer
• Photo
• video

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Kinematics studies in sports

• Muybridge Marey (1830-1904)

Adapted from Biolocomotion a century of
research using moving pictures
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Now
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Kinematics studies in sports

• Lower Extremity Range of Motion in the
  Recreational Sport Runner (Pink et al. 1994)

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Model of systematic computerized kinematic
analysis

• identify major movement
• identify essential component and the desired
  outcome
• capturing of movement
• joint angles of interested are defined and
  plotted as a function of time
• angular velocity and acceleration profile can be
  calculated

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Kinematics analysis in sports

• nature of the activities high resolution
  camera is required
• measurements during competition interference
  caused by sunlight

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Kinetics

• is the measurement of
• forces and torque that cause or against the
  motion

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What for ?

• provide information about how the movement
  is produced or how a position maintained

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Kinetics in Sports
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Force-plate

• Quantified via the deformation of transducer
  elements

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• Measurement of the three orthogonal components of
  the net force, and the three components of the
  net moments

(adapted from Crossley et al. 1998)
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Ground reaction force (GRF) during landing from a
jump (adapted from Dufek 1991)
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Manipulations to minimize PGRF

• Surface
• Shoe
• Techniques

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Manipulations to minimize PGRF

• technique
• The pattern of footfall and the magnitudes of
  the peak force were studied by Valiant and
  Cavanagh in 1985 in ten basketball players. Eight
  subjects landed with a toe-heel pattern, and two
  with flatfoot. The peak force from toe-heel
  landing was 4.1 BW, and flatfoot was 6.0BW.

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Frictional force

• determines the relative ease or difficulty of
  motion of 2 objects in contact
• F R

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Manipulation of frictional force

• to increase frictional force when stability is
  needed
• grip on the handle of the racquets
• to decrease frictional force when smoothness of
  movement is required
• dance studio waxed with Rosin

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Static studies - stability

• Stability is the resistance to disruption of
  equilibrium

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Stability in Sports

• Does injury affects stability?
• What types of external support is able to improve
  stability?

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Electromyography

• Electromyography is the analysis of muscle
  function via the measurement of the electrical
  activity of muscles using surface electrodes or
  indwelling electrodes.

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EMG in Sports

• Its role is to
• identify the muscles that are active and
  inactive
• The timing or sequencing of the active muscles in
  different postures and movements, in healthy and
  injured athletes

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Spectrum of sports biomechanics
Biomechanics
Kinetics
Kinematics
Electromyography
Static
. Force . Torque
. Position .Velocity . Acceleration
. Muscle recruitment . Timing . Firing rate
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So what?

• Knows the sports
• Knows the athletes
• Knows the environments

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Interventions for the desired outcomes/injury
prevention

• Conditioning
• Technique
• Playing surface
• Sports equipment
• Protective equipment
• Rehabilitation

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