The Battle Against AIDS

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Unit 5 The Battle Against AIDS
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Devices for developing the main idea
The writer of this article tries to argue for the
main idea in a problem-solution-evaluation way.
problem
The battle against AIDS
solution
evaluation
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Structure of the Text

• Divide the whole text into the following parts
• Problem
• Solution
• Evaluation

Paragraphs 1-3
Paragraphs 4-12
Paragraphs 13-14
4
Paragraph 1

•   Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was
  diagnosed in the United States in the late 1970s.
  Since then, AIDS has killed more than 204,000
  Americans - half in the past few years alone.
  Another 185,000 of the one million infected with
  the HIV virus are also expected to die.

1. Identify the words that express the basic meaning
   of each sentence. Change wording if it is
   necessary.

AIDS was diagnosed in the 1970s.
AIDS killed many people.
Many more people are expected to die.
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Paragraph 1

• AIDS was diagnosed in the 1970s.
• AIDS has killed many people.
• Many more people are expected to die.

2. Sum up the above into one sentence.
AIDS, diagnosed not long ago, has killed and is
going to kill many people.
6
Paragraph 2

•   Nearly half of those diagnosed with the virus
  are blacks and Latinos. Women and youth in rural
  Southern communities now constitute the fastest
  growing segment of people with AIDS.

1. Identify the words that express the basic meaning
   of each sentence. Change wording if it is
   necessary.

Half with the virus are blacks and Latinos..
Women and youth constitute fastest growing
segment with AIDS.
7
Paragraph 2

• Half with the virus are blacks and Latinos..
• Women and youth constitute fastest growing
  segment with AIDS.

2. Sum up the above into one sentence.
Blacks, Latinos, women and youth (Weaker groups)
are easiest to be infected with AIDS.
8
Paragraph 3

•   Despite such alarming numbers, the federal
  and state governments have been slow in
  implementing programs to stop the spread of AIDS.
  In place of government inactivity, a number of
  local organizations have emerged.

1. Identify the words that express the basic meaning
   of each sentence. Change wording if it is
   necessary.

Governments are slow in taking actions.
Local organizations replace governments.
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Paragraph 3

• Governments are slow in taking actions.
• Local organizations replace governments.

2. Sum up the above into one sentence.
Local organizations, but not governments, take
actions to stop the spread of AIDS.
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Summary

• Here are the three topic sentences for the
  three paragraphs
• AIDS, diagnosed not long ago, has killed and
  is going to kill many people.
• Blacks, Latinos, women and youth (Weaker
  groups) are easiest to be infected with AIDS.
• Local organizations, but not governments,
  take actions to stop the spread of AIDS.

Are you able to sum up these ideas into a few
words?
Seriousness of the situation.
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Solution

• Read Paragraph 4 through Paragraph 12 and sum
  up each paragraph with a sentence.

Paragraph 4
A local organization, though with difficulty,
carried out AIDS educational programs in a beauty
shop.
Paragraph 5
The owner hands out information and let customers
read books on AIDS.
Paragraph 6
Many hair stylists follow the example.
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Solution
Paragraph 7

The network has some lessons.
Paragraph 8
Lesson 1 Speak to the community in a way they
can hear.
Paragraph 9
The information should be easy to understand.
Paragraph 10
Lesson 2 Train teenagers to educate their peers.
Paragraph 11
Lesson 3 Redefine at risk to include women
from different background and marriage status.
Paragraph 12
They emphasize everyone is at risk.
13
Summary

• Write a sentence to sum up all the ideas in
  the following
• A local organization, though with
  difficulty, carried out AIDS educational programs
  in a beauty shop.
• The owner hands out information and let
  customers read books on AIDS.
• Many hair stylists follow the example.
• The network has some lessons.
• Lesson 1 Speak to the community in a way
  they can hear.
• The information should be easy to understand.
• Lesson 2 Train teenagers to educate their
  peers.
• Lesson 3 Redefine at risk to include women
  from different background and marriage status.
• They emphasize everyone is at risk.

14

• Write a sentence to sum up all the ideas in
  the following
• A local organization, though with
  difficulty, carried out AIDS educational programs
  in a beauty shop.
• The owner hands out information and let
  customers read books on AIDS.
• Many hair stylists follow the example.
• The network has some lessons.
• Lesson 1 Speak to the community in a way
  they can hear.
• The information should be easy to understand.
• Lesson 2 Train teenagers to educate their
  peers.
• Lesson 3 Redefine at risk to include women
  from different background and marriage status.
• They emphasize everyone is at risk.

Local organizations, though with difficulty, have
been creative in giving people education on AIDS
in various places such as beauty shops and have
learned some valuable lessons.
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1. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was
diagnosed in the United States in the late 1970s.
2. Another 185,000 of the one million infected
with the HIV virus are also expected to die.
3. Despite such alarming numbers, the federal
and state governments have been slow in
implementing programs to stop the spread of AIDS.
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4. In place of government inactivity, a number
of local organizations have emerged.
5.The owner hands out AIDS information to all
her clients when they enter the shop and
6. Many communities have a low literacy rate,
making impossible passing out AIDS literature and
expecting people to read it.
7. These books use simple, hand-drawn pictures
of sad faces and happy faces to
illustrate ways people can prevent AIDS.
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8. Redefine at risk to include women from
different backgrounds and marriage status.
9. Such misinformation plagues the medical
establishment.

10. The stylists also emphasize that everyone is
at risk and that all of us have a right to
protect ourselvesregardless of marriage status.
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vt. decide what illness a person has discover
the nature (of a disease)by making a careful
examination
diagnose sth.
e.g. ????????,????????????????
The worker is quite experienced and can diagnose
the motor problem by listening.
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???????????,?????? ????
The computer is widely used in hospitals to help
doctors to diagnose illnesses.

diagnose sth. as
e.g. ???????????
The doctor diagnosed the illness as SARS.
???????????????
I was diagnosed as a rare skin disease.
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Note
When we decide what illness a person has, we say
diagnose as but when we are talking about a
doctors finding someone ill with a certain
disease, we say diagnose with
e.g. ???????????????????
She once helped an old man diagnosed with HIV.
?????????????????80?
Those diagnosed with mental problems make up 80
of the total population of this village.
diagnose v. diagnosis n. (pl. diagnoses)
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infect vt.
infect sb.(sth.)/ infect sb.(sth.) with
(1) to give someone a disease
e.g.????????????????,? ???????????
People with the virus may feel perfectly well,
but they can still infect others.
???????????????
A computer virus may infect a computers data
files.
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????????????????
Anyone with a bad cold may infect the people
around him.
????????????????
Nearly all the people infected with AIDS virus
will die.
infect vt. infection n.
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(2) If your excitement, eagerness etc infects
other people, it makes them began to feel the
same way
e.g. ???????????????
Johns enthusiasm soon infected the rest of the
class.

John infected the rest of the class with his
enthusiasm.

??????????????????? ?????


He thought that parents might infect children
with their ideas.
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e.g. ????????????????? ?????

The new decision made by the government is
expected to facilitate the trade between two
cities.

25
???????????????????
Financial crisis is expected to be the most
important issue at this conference.
???GDP???????7?
The GDP increase rate of this year is expected
to top 7.

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alarm n. u a feeling of fear or anxiety
because sth. dangerous might happen
e.g. ??????,?????????
Hearing a scream, she sat up in alarm.
?????????????
The municipal government felt alarm a the
workers strike.
????????????
The earthquake caused great alarm among the
people.
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n. c sth. such as a bell or a light that warns
people of danger
sound / raise the alarm
means to warn everyone about sth. bad or
dangerous that is already happening.
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e.g. ?????????,????? ????????
As soon as the fire alarm was sounded, people
rushed to the emergency exit.
???????????????????
The Red Cross has raised the alarm about the
threat of AIDS.
??????????????????
The smoke alarm can sound a warning alarm at the
earliest stage of the fire.
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Fill in the blanks
A
1.The rainforest is disappearing at an _______
rate. (A.alarming B. alarmed)
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Everyone was_____at the news that a war might
break out. (A. alarming B. alarmed)
B
A
She was____ when the people laughed at her
mistake. (A. embarrassed B. embarrassing)
B
This was an ______ situation for the gentleman
for he could not afford the dinner. (A.
embarrassed B. embarrassing)
A
They dont look happy, ______ or depressed. (A.
frightened B. frightening)
B
Following him are the three ______ men wearing
the horrible masks and carrying guns. (A.
frightened B. frightening)
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in place of instead of
???????,??????
The Chinese use chopsticks in place of knives
and forks.
????????,?????????
We should do something in place of talking about
it.
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emerge vt.(1) come or appear
e.g. ?????????????? ????????
Anti-doping has emerged as a major concern of
the international sports community.
??????WTO, ???????????
With Chinas entrance into WTO, a lot of
business opportunities will emerge.
(2) become known
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????????,???????????
Finally it emerged that the sales manager let
out the secret.

(3) To come to the end of a difficult experience
e.g. ????????????
It is difficult to emerge from this scandal.
???????????????
She successfully emerged from the great sadness
of losing her son.
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The family of hand
hand sb. sth./ hand sth. to sb.
means to pass sth. to someone else
hand sth. back
means to pass sth. back to someone
hand sth. down
means to give or leave sth. back to people who
are younger than you or live after you
hand sth. in
means give sth. to a person in authority
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hand sth. out
means to give sth. to each member of a group of
people
hand over sth.
means to give someone or sth. to someone else
to take care of or to control
Exercises

• Kate is doing the homework which she
• must __________ for class tomorrow.

hand in
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2. I havent managed to mark your paper yet. I
will _______ all the papers next week.
hand out
3. The thief was immediately _________ to the
police.
handed over
4. The bed has been ___________ in the family.
It was my grandmothers originally.
handed down
5. I ___________ the magazine and gave him a
bundle of mail.

handed back
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literacy n. the state of being able to read and
write
e.g. ???,??????????????
It is reported that the literacy rate is very
low in rural areas.
?????????????????
The Ministry of Education has launched a
nationwide literacy campaign.
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computer illiteracy
sb. is computer/politically /scientifically/
musically/ literate/illiterate means sb.
knows much or little about computer, politics,
etc.
39
U
literature n.
(1)written works which are of artistic value
(2) all the books, articles, etc on a particular
subject
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(3) printed information produced by
organizations that want to sell sth. or tell
people about sth.
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Try to put the following sentences into Chinese
(1) Have you got any literature on the car?
??
(2)Here is Professor Johnsons handout on
English literature in the 1920s.
????
(3) I have gone through the medical literature
on walking.

????
(4) Do you have any sales literature available?
????
(5) Professor Lei recently published an article
on reviewing the scientific literature
on activitys effect on the brain.

????
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illustrate vt.

• to make the meaning of sth. clearer by
• giving examples

e.g. ??????????????? ?????

I would like to illustrate my points with a
quotation from Shakespeare.
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???????????????
Let me give another example to illustrate the
difficult point.

(2) To put pictures in a book, article etc.
The writer tried to illustrate the book so as to
make it more attractive and vivid.

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(3) To be an example which shows that sth. is
true or that a fact exists
e.g. ??????????????????
Nixons downfall illustrates the great power of
the media.

????????????????? ??????????????
That the westerners do not like being asked
about their salary and age illustrates the
differences between Chinese and the
western cultures.

45
illustrate vt. illustration n.
(1) The act or process of illustrating sth.
e.g. ??????????????????
You can search for the detailed illustration of
cloning process on the Internet.
????????????????
Can you give me an illustration of what you
mean?
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(2)a picture in a book, article etc, especially
one that helps you to understand it.
e.g. ??????????,?????? ???????????????????
Look at pictures, chart or drawings if there are
any. Often an illustration helps you figure out
ahead of time what your reading will deal with.
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(3) a story, event, action etc that shows the
truth or existence of sth. very clearly
This picture is an illustration that Shirley
Temple had been a beautiful star since her
childhood.
48
Redefine vt. define again
re- prefix again back to a former state
Guess the meaning
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e.g. ????????,????????
The disease is spreading and the children are at
risk.

???????????????
A heavy smoker is at risk of heart disease.
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e.g. ????????????????
He took a risk to appoint a young man as the
general manager.

51
e.g. ????????????????? ????????????
I have no respect for a man who would put his
children at risk like that.

52
some expressions with status
????
????
????
????
??
53
mis- prefix (1) bad or badly e.g.
misfortune (bad luck) (2) wrong or
wrongly e.g. misunderstand (
understand in a wrong way)
Guess the meaning
behave badly ????
form a wrong judgment on sth. ????
misbehave
misjudge
misguide
guide in a wrong direction ??
give an incorrect explanation of an illness ??
misdiagnose
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plague
vt. to cause continual discomfort, suffering,or
trouble to someone

e.g.????????????????? ?????

Chinas maths research is also plagued by the the
shortage of fund.


??????????????
The question of his future has plagued him
recently.

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n. a disease that spreads quickly and kills
large numbers of people

e.g. ?????????????????
His hometown suffered from a plague of flood
last year.

e.g. ??????????,?????? ????????????
Unlike other plagues before, the AIDS plague is
likely to kill the whole generation.

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e.g. ????????,?????????
She married the old man regardless of her
parents objecting.

57
e.g.????????????,???????
He buys her whatever she wants, regardless of the
very expense.