When you change

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• When you change  the way you look at
  things, the things you look at change.

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• Perception
• The study of perception is concerned with
  identifying the process
• through which we interpret and organize sensory
  information to
• produce our conscious experience of objects and
  object relationship.

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MEANING

• Perceptions differ from person to person.
• Each individual perceives the same situation
  differently.
• Perception is a unique interpretation of the
  situation, not an exact recording of the
  situation.
• Perception is more complex and much broader than
  sensation.

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NATURE OF PERCEPTION

• It is a cognitive and psychological process. The
  manner in which a person perceives the
  environment affects his behaviour. There can be
  no behaviour without perception and perception
  lies at the base of every human action.
• Perception is the process by which an individual
  gives meaning to the environment.
• It occurs whenever stimuli activate the sense
  organs.
• A stimulus that is not perceived has no effect on
  behaviour.
• Perception is a process that operates constantly
  between us and reality.

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IMPORTANCE OF PERCEPTION

• Perception plays a very important role in shaping
  the personality of an individual.
• Perception is central in interpreting the world
  around us.
• Perception affects the outcome of our behavior
  because we act on the basis of what we see.
• An understanding of perception is important to
  understand and control the human behavior.
• Because peoples behavior is based on their
  perception of what reality is, not on reality
  itself.

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PERCEPTUAL PROCESS

• Perception is an intellectual process.
• Perception is the basic cognitive or
  psychological process.
• Perception is subjective process. Perception is
  subjective because person beliefs or cultural
  background shape their perception.
• Perception consists of several sub-processes.

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CONT
Perceptual inputs Stimuli
Perceptual throughputs Receiving-gtSelecting-gtOrga
nising-gtInterpreting
Perceptual Outputs Actions
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PERCEPTUAL PROCESS

• Perceptual inputs Objects, Events and people.
• All those things in the setting where events
  occur or contribute to the occurrence of events
  can be termed as Perceptual inputs.
• Perceptual Mechanism involves three elements
  viz. selection of stimuli, organization of
  stimuli and interpretation of stimuli.
• Perceptual outputs Attitudes, Opinions, Feelings
  Values.
• The result is the BEHAVIOUR

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Perceptual Error

• Halo effect
• The process by which the perceiver evaluates
  another person solely on the basis of one
  attribute, either favorable or unfavorable.
• Expectancy effects
• Extent to which expectations bias how events,
  objects, and people are actually perceived

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Continue

• Projection
• The assignment of ones personal attributes
  to other individuals.
• Primacy First impressions

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Improving Perceptual Accuracy

• Empathize(share feelings) with others
• Postponed Impression Formation
• Compare perceptions with others
• Know Yourself

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Factors that Influence Perception

• Perception is influenced by a variety of
  individuals and situational factors.
  
• Physiological Differences
• Cultural Differences
• Social Roles
• Occupational Roles
• Previous Experiences

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CONT

• Self Esteem
• Expectations/Wishes
• Tunnel Vision
• Intense Feelings Attitudes
• Stereotyping
• Group Pressure

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Stereotype

• A fixed, commonly held notion or image of a
  person or group, based on an oversimplification
  of some observed or imagined trait of behavior or
  appearance.
•  
• The use of stereotypes is a major way in which we
  simplify our social world

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Basic Elements For Perception

• Any perceptual event has three components that
  are
• 1.) Perceiver
• Any individual perceiving from event
  2.) Target
• Thing which is being perceived
  3.) Situation
• 
  

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ATTRIBUTES OF THE PERCEIVER

• Several attributes unique to our personalities
  can affect how we see others. These include the
  following
• i) Self concept
• ii) Cognitive structure
• iii) Previous experiences

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CONT

• SELF-CONCEPT
• A person with a positive self-concept tends to
  perceive the positive characteristics of others.
  Conversely, a person with a negative self-concept
  is likely to focus on negative characteristics.
  The more accurate a person's self-concept, the
  more accurate his or her perceptions of others
  will tend to be.

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CONT

• COGNITIVE STRUCTURE
• Cognitive structure, an individual's pattern of
  thinking, also affects perception. Some people
  have a tendency to perceive physical traits, such
  as height, weight, and appearance, more readily.
  Cognitive complexity allows a person to perceive
  multiple characteristics of another person rather
  than attending to just a few traits

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ATTRIBUTES OF THE TARGET

• The first major influence on perception is of the
  target.
• In particular, the following attributes of target
  can be identified
• i) Physical appearance
• ii) Verbal and non verbal communication
• iii) Intentions

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CONT
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE Physical appearance pals a
big role in our perception of others. Extremely
attractive or unattractive individuals are more
likely to be noticed in a group than ordinary
looking individuals. Motions, sound, size and
other attributes of a target shape the way we see
it.
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VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Verbal Communication from targets also affects
our perception of them. Nonverbal communication
conveys a great deal of information about the
target. The perceiver deciphers eye contact,
facial expressions, body movements, and posture
all in a attempt to form an impression of the
target.
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CONT
INTENTIONS How we interpret the intentions of
others influences our perceptions of their
personality. For instance, if you assume that
your professor is going to criticize your work,
you may perceive your instructor to be a negative
and critical person.
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ATTRIBUTES OF THE SITUATION

• Elements in the surrounding environment also
  influence perception process. Some of these are
  as follows
• i) Social context
• ii) Organizational role
• iii) Location of event

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Types of perception

• Color perception
• Visual perception
• Speech perception
• Size perception
• Motion perception

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Color Perception

• The ability to interpret information about
  something on the basis of the effects of colors.
• Color perception is subjective.

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COLOR PERCEPTION

• While perceptions of color are somewhat
  subjective, there are some color effects that
  have universal meaning.

Several ancient cultures, including the Egyptians
and Chinese, practiced chromotherapy(referred to
as light therapy ), or using colors to heal. Red
was used to stimulate the body and mind and to
increase circulation.  Yellow was thought to
stimulate the nerves and purify the body.  Orange
was used to heal the lungs and to increase energy
levels.  Blue was believed to soothe illnesses
and treat pain.  Indigo shades were thought to
alleviate skin problems.
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Visual perception

• Visual perception is the ability to interpret
  information and surroundings from the effects of
  visible light reaching the eye.

Visual perception is a function of our eyes and
brain.
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Size Perception

• The ability to interpret information about the
  size of objects
• It includes
• Size constancy
• Shape constancy
• Color constancy

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Size constancy

• When we know that an object is of a certain
  size,we tend to perceive it as being same
  size,regardless of how far it is from our eyes.

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Shape Constancy

• When we know that the object is a certain
  shape,we tend to perceive it as the same
  shape,regardless of the viewing angle.

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Color Constancy

• Colors of the objects tend to remain constant in
  perception when we know their actual color.

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What is illusion

• A perception that occurs when a sensory stimulus
  is present but is incorrectly perceived and
  misinterpreted, such as hearing the wind as
  someone crying.
• Most of the illusions are optical
• illusions i.e
• An object causing a false visual
• impression

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Types of illusion

• IMPOSSIIBLE FIGURE ILLUSION
• The figures for which our brain is able to take
• sensation that is two dimensional and produce
• perception that is three dimensional.

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REVERSIBLE FIGURE illusion

• Reversible figures present ambiguous infarmation
  tha can be interpreted in more than one ways.

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Mueller-Lyer Illusion

• The Mueller-Lyer Illusion is an optical illusion
  involving two lines and arrowheads at the ends of
  each line. When two lines and arrowheads of equal
  length are used, the one with ends pointing out
  is thought to be longer than the one with ends
  pointing in.

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Moon Illusion

• The variation in the apparent size of the Moon
  (smaller when overhead, larger when near the
  horizon) is another natural illusion it is not
  an optical phenomenon, but rather a cognitive or
  perceptual illusion

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Illusion in movement

• Some times the objects at rest seem to be moving
  while those that are moving seem to be at rest.
  E.g train at railway station.

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Causes of Illusion

• Abnormal condition or defects of the sense
  organs.

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cOnt

• Illusion due to odd arrangements of stimuli.

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cOnt

• Illusion due to appreciation,interests,
• expectations etc.
• Illusion due to limitations of the sense organs.
• Social factors such as needs, motives,past
  experiences and expectations about the world and
  the way we percieve it.

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If a tree falls

• If a tree falls in the forest and there is nobody
  around to hear it
• Does it make a noise?

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Answer

• NOSound (like color) is all in your head!

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Can you believe that this is a picture and not an
animation? To check, just focus on one leaf for 5
seconds
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