Usage Errors in Writing

1
Usage Errors in Writing

• OBJ-Recognize usage errors occurring within
  context (i.e., subject-verb agreement, pronoun
  case, double negatives, comparative/superlative
  forms, troublesome words to/too/two,
  their/there/theyre, its/its, sit/set, lie/lay,
  affect/effect, may/can, leave/let, teach/learn,
  accept/except, capitol/capital,
  principle/principal, between/among, rise/raise,
  stationary/stationery, where/were,
  which/that/who) within context.

2
Double Negatives
Failure is only the opportunity to begin again,
only this time more wisely. Anonymous
3
These are grammatically incorrect sentences
because they contain double negatives.

• I dont want no water.
• There arent no apples in the refrigerator.
• I havent none.
• We werent hardly able to sleep.

If you read these sentences quickly, you might
think that they are correct. But they are not.
So what is wrong with them? Check next slide for
answers.
4
Corrections

• I dont want no water.
• I dont want any water.
• There arent no apples in the refrigerator.
• There arent any apples in the refrigerator.
• I havent none.
• I havent any.
• We werent hardly able to sleep.
• We were hardly able to sleep.

5
So what are the rules about double negatives?

• Do not use two or more negative words in the same
  sentence. Two negatives contradict each other
  and make an positive.

• Negative words
• No never
• Scarcely hardly
• Only none
• Nobody no one
• Nothing neither
• Not nt
• But(meaning only)

6
Lets practice

• Marisol hadnt never heard of the movie.
• I havent no money for such things.
• I have never seen any tanks.
• There wasnt no opportunity to go to the opera.
• He isnt hardly able to run to the bus.
• I didnt find nobody at the swimming pool.
• I havent any bananas today.
• He didnt like none of these.
• We werent but four players on the field.

7
Corrections

• Marisol had never heard of the movie.
• I havent any money for such things.
• I have never seen any tanks.
• There wasnt any opportunity to go to the opera.
• He is hardly able to run to the bus.
• I didnt find anybody at the swimming pool.
• I have no bananas today.
• He didnt like any of these.
• We were but four players on the field.

8
More practice

• I couldnt hardly speak.
• She hasnt no food.
• I am sure they didnt have no other car.
• Dad cant hardly hear me from my room.
• Rover wont bite nobody.
• I am sure she hasnt no books for us.
• I didnt run into no one I knew at the game.
• Tommy hasnt done nothing today.
• Grandma didnt have no chocolate yesterday.
• I didnt see the kite nowhere.

9
Corrections

• I could hardly speak.
• She has no food.
• I am sure they didnt have any other car.
• Dad can hardly hear me from my room.
• Rover wont bite anybody.
• I am sure she hasnt any books for us.
• I didnt run into any one I knew at the game.
• Tommy hasnt done anything today.
• Grandma didnt have any chocolate yesterday.
• I didnt see the kite anywhere.

10
Assignment

• Carlos didnt see nobody around.
• Cant you find no milk?
• He was not allowed to go nowhere.
• Dad say she cant never trust him.
• The boys havent any clothing to wear.
• It wasnt hardly midnight when we saw the moon.
• In the beginning, they werent hardly surprised.
• There wasnt nobody in school so late.
• It was so warm the dog couldnt scarcely move.
• It dont make no difference anyway.
• It dont matter no how.
• Didnt you notice that there was no oil in the
  car.
• I wasnt no where to be found.

11
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
12
SOME RULES ABOUT FORMING COMPARATIVES AND
SUPERLATIVES

• One syllable adjectives generally form the
  comparative by adding -er and the superlative by
  adding -est, e.g.

Adjective Comparative Superlative
Soft Softer The softest
Cheap Cheaper The cheapest
Sweet Sweeter The sweetest
Thin Thinner The thinnest
13
SPELLING RULES

• Note that if a one syllable adjective ends in a
  single vowel letter followed by a single
  consonant letter, the consonant letter is
  doubled, e.g. thin ? thinner, big ? biggest.
• If an adjective ends in -e, this is removed when
  adding -er/-est, e.g. wide ? wider/widest.
• If an adjective ends in a consonant followed by
  -y, -y is replaced by -i when adding -er/-est,
  e.g. dry ? drier/driest.

14
TWO SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES

• two syllable adjectives which end in -y usually
  form the comparative by adding -er and the
  superlative by adding -est, (note the change of
  -y to -i in the comparative/superlative) e.g.

Adjective Comparative superlative
Lucky luckier The luckiest
Pretty Prettier The prettiest
Tidy Tidier The tidiest
15
TWO SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES

• two syllable adjectives ending in -ed, -ing,
  -ful, or -less always form the comparative with
  more and the superlative with the most, e.g.

Adjective Comparative superlative
Worried More worried The most worried
Boring More boring The most boring
Careful More careful The most careful
Useless More useless The most useless
16
THREE SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES

• Adjectives which have three or more syllables
  always form the comparative and superlative with
  MORE and THE MOST, e.g.
• The only exceptions are some three syllable
  adjectives which have been formed by adding the
  prefix -un to another adjective, especially those
  formed from an adjective ending in -y. These
  adjectives can form comparatives and superlatives
  by using more/most or adding -er/-est,
  e.g.unhappy unhappier the unhappiest/ the
  most unhappy

Adjective Comparative Superlative
Dangerous More dangerous The most dangerous
Difficult More difficult The most difficult
17
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Good Better The best
Bad Worse The worst
Far Farther/further The farthest/furthest
18
USE OF COMPARATIVES

• Comparatives are very commonly followed by than
  and a pronoun or noun group, in order to describe
  who the other person or thing involved in the
  comparison is, e.g.
• John is taller than me.
• I think that shes more intelligent than her
  sister.

19
OTHER USES OF COMPARATIVES

• Comparatives are often qualified by using words
  and phrases such as much, a lot, far, a
  bit/little, slightly etc., e.g.
• You should go by train, it would be much cheaper.
• Could you be a bit quieter?
• Im feeling a lot better.
• Do you have one thats slightly bigger?
• Two comparatives can be contrasted by placing the
  before them, indicating that a change in one
  quality is linked to a change in another, e.g.
• The smaller the gift, the easier it is to send.
• The more stressed you are, the worse it is for
  your health.
• Two comparatives can also be linked with and to
  show a continuing increase in a particular
  quality, e.g.
• The sea was getting rougher and rougher.
• Her illness was becoming worse and worse.
• He became more and more tired as the weeks went by

20
USE OF SUPERLATIVES

• Like comparatives, superlatives can be placed
  before nouns in the attributive position, or
  occur after be and other link verbs, e.g.
• the most delicious chocolate cake Ive ever eaten
• Annabel was the youngest
• This restaurant is the best
• As shown in the second two examples, superlatives
  are often used on their own if it is clear what
  or who is being compared. If you want to be
  specific about what you are comparing, you can do
  this with a noun, or a phrase beginning with in
  or of, e.g.
• Annabel was the youngest child
• Annabel was the youngest of the children
• This restaurant is the best in town.

21
THE OPPOSITES OF COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVES

• we use the forms less (the opposite of
  comparative more), and the least (the opposite of
  superlative the most).
• Less is used to indicate that something or
  someone does not have as much of a particular
  quality as someone or something else, e.g.
• This sofa is less comfortable.
• Ive always been less patient than my sister.
• The least is used to indicate that something or
  someone has less of a quality than any other
  person or thing of its kind, e.g.
• Its the least expensive way to travel.
• She was the least intelligent of the three
  sisters.

22
Write 3 sentences about this picture using
comparative and superlatives.
23
Troublesome Words

• to/too/two, their/there/theyre, its/its,
  sit/set, lie/lay, affect/effect, may/can,
  leave/let, teach/learn, accept/except,
  capitol/capital, principle/principal,
  between/among, rise/raise, stationary/stationery,
  where/were, which/that/who)
• https//jeopardylabs.com/play/troublesome-word-pai
  rs2

24
Practice

• You will construct a story using all of the
  troublesome words incorrectly.
• Then we will pass to a peer to make corrections.