Course and Conduct of WWI reference Chapter 23

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Course and Conduct of WWIreference Chapter 23

• How was WWI different from earlier wars?

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Selective Service Act - 1917

• 100,000 volunteer army
• draft men 21-30
• 24 million register
• 2.8 million drafted
• government campaign to encourage enlistment

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AEF fights in Europe

• American Expeditionary Force
• 2 million troops in Europe by summer of 1918.
• Most troops fought under American command
• 1st US troops in Europe

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African-Americans have a more prominent role

• segregated
• limited training for black officers
• 369th Regiment

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New Technologies change the nature and
consequences of war

• New technologies Old tactics Devastation

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Artillery

• machine guns
• howitzers
• Big Berthas
• Use of long-range
• artillery encourages
• trench warfare

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Big Bertha
pictures
Krupps
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Machine Gun

• 600 bullets per minute

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Airplanes and Zeppelins
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Battleships and U-boats
By early 1914 the Royal Navy had 18 modern
dreadnoughts (6 more under construction), 10
battlecruisers, 20 town cruisers, 15 scout
cruisers, 200 destroyers, 29 battleships
(pre-dreadnought design) and 150 cruisers built
before 1907.
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War At Sea
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• Travelers intending to embark on Atlantic voyages
  are reminded that a state of war exists between
  Germany and her Allies and Great Britain and her
  Allies that the zone of war includes the waters
  adjacent to the British Isles that in accordance
  with the formal notice given by the Imperial
  German Government vessels flying the flag of
  Great Britain or her Allies are liable to
  destruction in those waters, and that travelers
  sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain
  or her Allies do so at their own risk."
• Imperial German Embassy, Washington, D.C.,
  April 22, 1915

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Sea Mines
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Tank
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Improved Flamethrowers
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Poison gas

• phosgene
• mustard
• chlorine

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Trench Warfare
see diagram p.297
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Key Events Before US involvement

• Series of brutal and, ultimately, futile battles
• Battle of the Somme
• 60,000 casualties in a day
• success measured in inches/feet
• Stalemate continues
• Germany renews unrestricted submarine warfare
• Sinks supply ship SS Illinois

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Important Event as US arrives to enter the war

• The Russian Revolution
• Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks assume power
  and sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, peace with
  Germany. (Dec.-Mar. 1918)
• Freed Germany from 2-front war
• US troops arrive in the nick if time!

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Germanys renewal of unrestricted sub warfare
targets American ships in the war zone
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Key events following US entry

• By 1918, all sides were planning offensives
• German offensive is stalled by mid-Spring
• Effective control of the seas by Britain and U.S.
  depletes German resources
• U.S. and Britain employ convoys against u-boats
• 1st American offensives May 1918
• American forces join Brits/French at 2nd Battle
  of Marne by summer 1918

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Meuse-Argonne Offensive begins Sept. 1918

• 1 million American soldiers participate
• 6 weeks
• push Germans back to their last defensive
  position
• capture control of the Sedan Railroad
• supplies more than half of all materials to
  German front
• See map in text p. 300
• Convinces Germany to agree to a truce

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Armistice

• Fall 1918, Central powers begin to
  collapse/surrender
• Kaiser Wilhelm (Germany) is overthrown-new
  republic formed.
• New government signed an armistice
• November 11, 1918 11 a.m.
• Armistice Day

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• 10 million soldiers killed/20 million wounded
• 10 million civilian deaths
• 110,000 American deaths
• Estimated cost 185 billion

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Your task

• Using chart p. 300 Estimated WWI Casualties
• Create a bar graph of the chart info.
• Following your spiral notes, write a 1 paragraph
  response to the essential question
• How was World War I different from previous
  wars?

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Champs d'HonneurErnest Hemingway

• Soldiers never do die wellCrosses mark the
  places-Wooden Crosses where they fell,Stuck
  above their faces.Soldiers pitch and cough and
  twitch-All the world roars red and
  blackSoldiers smother in a ditch,Choking
  through the whole attack.

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The Home Front

• How did Americans on the home front support or
  oppose the war?

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Mobilization

• The Draft 9 million registered
• 3 million
• Volunteers 2 million
• Increased production
• fuel, ships, weapons, food
• governing boards oversee the economy

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The Great Migration

• Pull factor Job opportunities in the factories
  of the North
• Push Factor poverty, Jim Crow, lynching
  terrorism

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Propaganda Campaigns(important element of total
war theory)

• CPI (Committee on Public Information)
• George Creel
• 4-Minute Men

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Financing the War

• Increased the number of people paying the new
  income tax
• 437,000 in 1917
• 4.4 million in 1918
• Liberty Bond Drives
• Bond loan with interest

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Opposition to the War

• Many women
• Jeanette Rankin (1st woman rep. in Congress)
• You can no more win a war than you can win an
  earthquake.
• Womens Peace Party
• Quakers/Pacifists
• Socialists
• Opponents of big business
• command of gold
• profiteering

Conscientious objectors
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The Suppression of Dissent

• Espionage Act 1917
• crime to interfere with the draft,
• obstructthe war effort
• Schenck v. US (1919)
• Sedition Act 1918
• Restricts freedom of speech
• disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive of
  government
• Other restrictions on speech and action
• 2,000 prosecutions
• including Eugene Debs (10 years)
• Public persecution of Germans