STATUS OF BANANA DISEASES RESEARCH IN MALAYSIA

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STATUS OF BANANA DISEASES RESEARCH IN MALAYSIA
Tengku Ab. Malik T.M., Rozeita,L. ,Maimun,T.,
and Umikalsum, M.B. Horticulture Research
Centre, MARDI, Malaysia
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INTRODUCTION

• Banana is the 2nd most important commercial fruit
  crop in Malaysia
• Pisang Berangan and Cavendish are the most
  popular varieties
• Other local varieties, including P. Mas, P.
  Rastali, P. Nangka, P. Raja, P. Tanduk, P. Abu,
  P. Awak- for domestic market

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• Cultivated as a backyard farm, small, medium and
  large for both domestic and export consumptions
• Exported to Singapore, Brunei, Hong Kong and
  Middle East
• Johor, Sabah and Sarawak served as major states
  in Malaysia producing banana-27,543 hectares
  (2009)
• The area is expected to expand in future due to
  increasing local and foreign demand and newly
  implemented ETP by the government

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• Disease is one of the most important factors that
  can significantly limit the production of banana
  in Malaysia
• Fusarium wilt is the single most devastating
  disease contributing to low production and
  economic loss
• The emerging of new bacterial disease, Moko has
  further dampened the banana industry

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• A concerted effort by the Malaysian research
  institutes, universities and private agencies is
  very necessary by pooling their expertise and
  resources to find immediately solutions
• This paper highlight the past and current
  research and discuss the strategies to be taken
  in managing these diseases in Malaysia

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STATUS OF FUSARIUM WILT DISEASE RESEARCH IN
MALAYSIA

• Fusarium wilt disease of banana is caused by
  Fusarium oxysporum f sp. cubense (FOC)
• FOC has been identified, based on race 1, 2, 3
  and 4
• In Malaysia FOC has been identified as tropical
  race 4 (FOCTR4)

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• Cavendish, P. Berangan and P. Rastali are the
  most susceptible cultivars
• Almost all the domestic and commercial cultivars
  are now infected to varying degrees of FOC
• Epidermic of the disease can be due to
  mono-cultivar cultivation, poor field and crop
  management

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• Cultural Management

• Studies on the use of chemical basamit
  fumigation, formalin and magnesium limestone were
  not effective to control FOC
• However, other management practices such as
  organic cultivation, crop rotation can offer
  solution to control FOC

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• Screening For Resistance

• Banana hybrids and somaclones performance and
  reaction to FOC
• 23 varieties were evaluated
• Cv Rose, P. Jari Buaya and Calcutta 4 were
  resistant with no economic value but can be
  sources of resistance
• Hybrid FHIA-18, FHIA-21 and FHIA-25 were tolerant
  but not well accepted by consumers
• Gross Michel, Cavendish (cv William), P. Berangan
  Intan and P. Mas were susceptible

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IMTP-3 Project

• Evaluate yield, quality, Foc resistance

Table 1. Percentage of plants with Fusarium wilt
symptoms (external and internal) for 23
varieties over 13 month-period
Variety Months after planting Months after planting Months after planting Months after planting Months after planting Months after planting Months after planting Months after planting Months after planting Months after planting Months after planting
Variety N 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1. FHIA-18 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2. FHIA-21 20 0 0 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 10
3. FHIA-25 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4. SH-3640 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5. Cavendish GCTCV-106 20 0 0 0 5 10 10 10 10 10 10
6. Cavendish GCTCV-215 20 0 0 10 10 15 15 15 15 15 15
7. Cavendish GCTCV-247 20 0 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
8. CRBP-39 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9. BITA-3 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10. BITA-2 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 10
11. Gros Michel (P. Embun) 20 30 30 50 70 70 80 80 90 100 100
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Cont. Table 1
Table 1. Percentage of plants with Fusarium wilt
symptoms (external and internal) for 23
varieties over 13 month-period
Variety Months after planting Months after planting Months after planting Months after planting Months after planting Months after planting Months after planting Months after planting Months after planting Months after planting Months after planting
Variety N 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
12. Bluggoe 20 15 15 15 20 20 35 35 35 40 45
13. Cavendish cv. Williams 20 20 30 30 35 35 40 40 40 40 40
14. cv. Rose 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15. Yangambi km5 20 0 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
16. Calcutta 4 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17. Pisang Ceylan 20 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 10
18. Pisang Berlin 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 10 15
19. Gran Enano 20 0 15 15 15 15 20 20 20 25 25
20. Pisang Jari Buaya 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21. Pisang Mas 20 15 15 15 25 25 25 30 30 35 55
22. Pisang Tanduk 20 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 10 25 30
23. Pisang Berangan Intan 20 15 25 30 30 30 30 40 50 50 70
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Cavendish cv william
cv Rose
P. Jari Buaya
FHIA-25
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• Selection of improved P. Raja
• 144 accessions were collected
• 15 accessions were short listed and evaluated for
  agronomic performances, reaction to FOC
• 51B showed tolerant to FOC , early fruiting (235
  days) with high bunch weight (23.4 kg)

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Agronomic characters of 15 selected Pisang Raja
accessions
Accession No. Days to shooting Plant height (cm) Bunch wt. (kg) Reaction to Fusarium wilt
51A 301 303 16.2 Good
51B 235 280 23.4 Good
54B 324 300 16.2 Moderate
55A 327 329 16.8 Good
55B 270 282 15.5 Good
66A 323 302 14.0 Poor
66B 308 300 15.2 Poor
70B 298 333 15.6 Moderate
70C 284 300 15.5 Moderate
71A 285 324 14.8 Moderate
72B 308 340 14.0 Moderate
72C 298 333 18.0 Moderate
78C 296 292 14.8 Moderate
91C 270 326 14.2 Moderate
106B 452 322 14.0 Moderate

• Reaction to Fusarium wilt
• Good Survive for 3 harvests
• Moderate Survive for 2 harvests
• Poor Survive for 1 harvest

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• Development of micosatellite marker for resistant
  to FOCTR4
• Polymorphic microsatellite marker has been
  developed to determine resistance and susceptible
  individual
• This marker will facilitate fast and early
  screening of FOCTR4 compared to conventional
  technique

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Microsatellite polymorphism in commercial banana
cultivars, amplified by the primer set MYS 14.
Lane 13 refer to 100bp marker . Lane 1-12 refer
to the commercial cultivars. Band only showed on
susceptible individual which have been tested
earlier using double tray system at nursery stage.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13
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STATUS OF MOKO DISEASE RESEARCH IN MALAYSIA

• The disease was first detected in Malaysia in
  2007
• Not much research has been carried out to address
  the problem due to low crop priority in 9th
  Malaysian Plan
• Moko is another serious disease of banana in the
  world which can contribute to yield loss

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• Yield loss can be up to 100
• This bacterial wilt is caused by Ralstonia
  solanacearum race 2
• The symptom of Moko is easily distinguished from
  FOC
• In Moko disease fruits were infected causing
  brown discoloration which does not appear in FOC

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• Transmitted by insect thus enable the disease to
  spread rapidly
• P. Nipah known to be tolerant to FOCTR4 is
  observed to be susceptible to Moko
• Currently, screening on the existing banana
  cultivars to Moko disease is not yet carried out

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• The disease is slowly spreading from Southern to
  Northern states of Peninsular thus warranting RD
  on the disease
• MARDI has initiated RD on epidemiology and
  biological control agents to control the disease

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• FUTURE RD
• Develop resistant varieties to FOCTR4 through in
  vitro mutagenesis and somaclonal variation,
  utilisation of microsatellite marker for rapid
  screening
• Epidemiological study on Moko disease
• Screen available banana varieties to Moko disease
  and develop molecular marker for resistance
• Isolation of biological control agents from
  banana crop growing environment to control FOCTR4
  and Moko disease
• Organic cultivation and crop rotation to prevent
  incident of the diseases

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• CONCLUSION

• Based on varietal screening, the sources of
  resistance to FOCTR4 have been identified
• These sources of resistance can be exploited by
  breeders to develop resistant variety
• The molecular marker developed will facilitate
  fast and early screening compared to conventional
  technique

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• CONCLUSION (Cont..)

• RD on Moko disease need to be intensified. This
  will include epidemiological study, source of
  resistance, marker development, biological
  control and cultural management
• Sharing information and experiences on related
  issues and problems from local and foreign
  experts will expedite solution for disease
  control which can save the banana industry

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