Famous Social Scientists

1
Famous Social Scientists

• Review

2
Piaget

• Stages of Cognitive Development
• Sensorimotor (birth ? 2)
• Object permanence
• Direct sensory experience
• Preoperational (2 ? 7)
• Simple symbols
• Egocentric
• Concrete Operational (7 ? 11)
• Conservation/Complex Operations
• See others point of view
• Formal Operational (12 ?)
• Abstract thought
• Use of logic and evidence

3
Freud
Superego
Id
Ego

• Defense Mechanisms
• Deny/distort reality
• Act unconsciously

4
Freud
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Freud

• Id pleasure principle - innate
• Ego reality principle - learned
• Superego conscience - learned
• If Ego cant maintain balance between Id and
  Superego, then defense mechanisms
• Psychoanalysis
• dream analysis, hypnosis and free associations
• reveal unconscious

6
Freud

• Stages of Psychosexual Development
• Oral Stage (0-1 year)
• Anal Stage (1-3 years)
• Phallic Stage (3-5/6 years)
• Latency Period (5/6 puberty)
• Genital Stage (puberty maturity)
• The events of psychosexual development may lead
  to fixations later on in adult life

7
Jung

• Unconscious split into individual and collective
• Individual Unconscious
• contains selfish drives and individual experience
• Collective Unconscious
• Archetypes common to all
• Two personality types
• Extrovert desire and interest directed to
  others
• Introvert desire and interest directed to self

http//www.jungneworleans.org/images/JungMandalaLa
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8
Maslow

• Theory of motivation Hierarchy of Human Needs
• Needs range from low (food and water) to high
  (self actualization)
• Lower needs must be met before higher ones

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9
Erikson

• Focused on child development
• Concerned with identity crises
• Contributed eight stages of life
• Each stage offers a crisis that must be resolved
• Success at later stages depends on ability to
  resolve earlier crises
• Overcoming crises successfully leads to healthy
  personality development
• Inability to resolve crises can lead to unhealthy
  development
• Personality develops through lifetime
• Expands on Freuds infancy theories
• Extends development to late adulthood

10
Adler

• motivating force is sense of inferiority
• People strive for perfection
• People try to overcome with compensation
• Striving towards perfection or superiority
• Compensation can be too great (overcompensation
  superiority complex)
• Birth Order can influence personality

http//cheekygen.blogspot.com/2008/06/birth-order-
and-siblings-rivalry.html
11
Sheldon

• Behavior explained by body type
• Endomorph round
• Mesomorph muscular
• Ectomorph thin
• Temperament is related to body type
• Somatotypes

http//www.umsl.edu/keelr/pics/somato3.jpg
12
Kohlberg

• Piaget found 2 stages of moral thought
• moral realism concern with consequences
• moral autonomy concern with reasons
• Morality motivates behavior
• Extended Piagets 2 stages to 6

LEVEL STAGE SOCIAL ORIENTATION
Pre-conventional 1 Obedience and Punishment
2 Individualism
Conventional 3 Good boy/girl
4 Law and Order
Post-conventional 5 Social Contract
6 Principled Conscience
13
Gilligan

• Responded to Piaget and Kohlberg
• Almost exclusively researched males
• Found different moral perspectives among genders
• Male Justice orientation rights, principles,
  rules,
• Female Care orientation concern, sensitivity,
  
• Preconventional stage individual survival
• Transition from selfishness to responsibility for
  others
• Conventional Stage self sacrifice
• Transition from goodness to truth
• Postconventional - nonviolence

14
Marx

• Motivation by economic conditions
• Economic conditions affect other social
  structures (religion, politics, art,)
• Wrote Communist Manifesto
• Outlined struggle in which proletariat is
  exploited by bourgeoisie class struggle
• Proletariat sells labour to owner, who enjoy
  surplus value
• Proletariat large group of working class
• Bourgeoisie small group of owners
• Suggested revolution by working class and
  ultimately a classless society

15
Durkheim

• Emphasis on social structure
• Society (exterior to individual) can explain
  social behavior
• Social stability found in common religion and
  morality
• Loss leads to confusion (Anomie)
• Explained suicide as result of anomie, over
  association, or under association
• Strong social ties tend to reduce likelihood of
  suicide
• Excessive social ties can increase the likelihood
  of suicide

16
Weber

• Reaction to Marx
• Motivation not by economic condition but meaning
  (religion)
• Examined relationship between religion and
  economy
• Found capitalism thrives under western religions
  (but not eastern) Protestant work ethic
• Study of social structures alone cannot explain
  human behavior
• Study of Sociology must be a mix of
  interpretation and experience