ANTIBIOTICS AND DRUGS

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ANTIBIOTICS AND DRUGS
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The Sites of Activity in a Bacterial Cell for
Various Antibiotics
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The history of chemotherapy starts with Paul
Ehrlich

• Development of salvarsan to treat syphilis

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The Disruption of Folic Acid Synthesis by
Competitive Inhibition
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Antibiotics
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The first Drug to be developed for use in WW2 was
Sulfa.
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Sulfanilamide and other sulfonamides interfere
with metabolic reactions

• Competitive inhibition
• are drugs as synthesized in lab

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The discovery of antibiotics began with Fleming

• Lysozyme
• Penicillin
• Florey and Chain

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Alexander Fleming
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Flemings Lab
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Penicillin discovered
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Mold inhibiting Staph
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Penicillin first used in World War 2
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Destruction of bacteria by antimicrobials
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Effects of a Beta Lactam antibiotic on a cell
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Antimicrobials that interfere with Cell wall
synthesis
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All the derivatives from Penicillin G
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Penicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

• Beta-lactam nucleus

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Semisynthetic Penicillins
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Role of Penicillinase
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The Action of Penicillinase on Sodium Penicillin G
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Cephalosporins also inhibit cell wall synthesis

• Resemblance to penicillins
• Generations of cephalosoporin

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Structure of cephalosporin and penicillin
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Antimicrobials that inhibit protein synthesis
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How Drug Resistance can Occur
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Tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, erythromycins,
clindamycins are another group of drugs that
affect protein synthesis

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Antimicrobial assays

• Different methods to evaluate the effectiveness
  of an antimicrobial

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Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion Test
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Determining the MIC of an antimicrobial
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MIC dilution tests
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E-Test
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Common mechanisms of drug resistance by bacteria
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Selective advantage of drug-resistance in a
population
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How Drug Resistance can Occur
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Antibiotics have been misused and abuse

• Evolving resistance in bacteria
• Antibiotic misuse and abused
• Society
• Hospitals
• Livestock feeds

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Genome of a Mycoplasma