Nogales High School Prep Your Way to Success!

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Nogales High SchoolPrep Your Way to Success!

• A Collaborative Effort of Nogales High School

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About This Intervention

• This power point was drawn from the information
  found in our school-wide gap analysis. Question
  of the Week is subsumed within. Level 3 and 4 of
  our gap analysis provided context for the
  test-a-like questions in this test prep.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

• Unit 1 Basic Testing Strategies
• Unit 2 Advanced Testing Strategies
• Unit 3 Vocabulary of Testing
• Unit 4 Mnemonic Devices
• Unit 5 Scantrons Answer Sheets
• Unit 6 Reading Strategies and Question of
• the Week

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UNIT 1 Pass That Test

• Basic Test Taking Strategies
• General Information

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Reminder!!!

• The answer choices for multiple choice questions
  are called distracters.
• The choices are written to take your attention
  away from the correct answer.

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READ THE DIRECTIONS!!!

• Do the directions ask you to do more than one
  thing?
• Do you understand what the directions are asking
  you to do?

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Are the questions using grammar to distract you?

• Grammar Sentence Structure

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Decoding Distracters

• Are the articles a or an used separately or
  arranged like this? a/an
• Use a before consonants
• Use an before vowels and vowel like sounds

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Practice Questions

• One of the largest
• animals in the world is an
• a. giraffe
• b. tiger
• c. elephant
• d. gazelle

• One of the
• largest animals in the world is a/an
• a. giraffe
• b. tiger
• c. elephant
• d. gazelle

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Phrase/Clause

• Can you match a clause in the question with a
  phrase in the distracter choices?
• The rule is that a time clause will have the
  perfect tense in the main clause and the simple
  tense in the time phrase.

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Practice Question

• It had been raining for 3 days,
• a. when the sun finally comes out.
• b. when the sun finally was coming out.
• c. when the sun will finally come out.
• d. when the sun finally came out.

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Are sounds being used to distract you?

• Repeating Sounds

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More About Decoding

• Is SOUND being used to catch your attention?
• REPEATED CONSONANTS
• Example
• The curious cat crawled quietly
• Repeated sounds can be used in the answer choices
  to pull your attention away from the correct
  answer.

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More Decoding

• Is sound being used to catch your attention?
• REPEATED VOWELS or vowel like sounds.
• Ask after Annie Answers her next question.
• Repeated sounds can be used in the answer choices
  to pull your attention away from the correct
  answer.

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Even More Decoding

• Are homophones used to catch your attention?
• Homophones sound alike, but are not spelled alike
  and do not have the same meanings.
• THERE, THEIR, THEYRE

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Are absolutes being used to distract you?

• True/False Questions

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For True and False

• Watch out for absolutes like always never.
  
• Dogs bite.
• Dogs always bite.
• Dogs never bite.

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Absolutes.

• When always or never are used in a
  True/False question, the answer is most likely
  to be false.

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Are there Best Practices that can help to decode
a test?

• Three Principals

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Principle 1

• If there is no penalty for guessing, when you
  dont know the answer, ( after you have tried
  process of elimination)Guess!

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Principle 2

• When the question has positive wording, the BEST
  PRACTICE is to go through the process of
  elimination and throw out the answer choices that
  could not be the correct answer.

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Principle 3

• Rushing leads to careless mistakes. PACE
  YOURSELF!!!

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UNIT 2 Advanced Test Strategies

• Beyond the Basic

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Principle 1

• Read the question slowly.
• Read it again.
• Paraphrase it mentally.
• Look at the answers or do your computations.
• Go back again for a final re-read.

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Are negatives being used to distract you?

• Except, Least, Not..

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Principle 2

• Watch out for except/least/not which are
  negatives!
• Instead of asking you to eliminate all of the
  wrong answers, this type of question asks you to
  eliminate all of the right answers.
• Example
• All of the following are true except

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Are there tricks for questions containing charts
and graphs?

• Charts Graphs

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Principle 3

• For charts, scan along with your pencil so that
  you dont get lost.
• What are the labels/value/units on the x axis?
• What are the labels/value/units on the y axis?
• Can you locate zero? Is this significant?
• Is the chart showing increase or decrease?
• What is the relationship between the x- and
  y-axes?
• Is the graph finite or infinite? Do all values
  make sense on this graph?

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Principle 4

• Spend the most time where it will do the most
  good.

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If I dont know the entire answer, can I use
partial knowledge?

• Try Partial Knowledge

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Principle 5

• Use partial knowledge. Go through process of
  elimination. Mentally scan categories, time
  periods, eras...

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Practice Question Principle 5

• What is Henry Clay known for?
• a. He was the instigator of the Boston Tea
  Party.
• b. Along with Thomas Jefferson, he negotiated
  the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled
  the territory of the United States.
• c. As a member of the Continental Congress, he
  denounced British rule in his Give me liberty
  or give me death speech.
• d. He authored the Compromise of 1850, which
  attempted to placate both free and slave-holding
  states in order to avert civil war.

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Explanation for Henry Clay

• Remember that you dont have to know who Henry
  Clay was, you just have to try to eliminate some
  answers. What time period is he from? If you
  vaguely know that he had something to do with the
  Civil War, eliminate all non-Civil War answers.

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Principle 6

• Your personal opinion counts for nothing!
• Dont let your life experience enter into your
  consideration of a question and possible answer.
  

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Are they using traps to distract you?

• Watch for Traps.

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Principle 7

• DONT be fooled by trap answers. They might
  contain repeated names, dates, years to catch the
  eye.
• Henry Clay authored the Compromise of
• a. 1850
• b. 1851
• c. 1852
• d. 1853

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Principle 8

• Always check to see if you are allowed to write
  in the test booklet. If you are, then circle
  answers on the test booklet and bubble when you
  have finished a page. This eliminates the chance
  of error as you skip around. But if you are not
  allowed to write in the booklet, DONT!

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Are there tips especially for math and science?

• Subject Specific Tips

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Principal 9 Tips for Math and Science

• Answer each part of a question step by step.
• EX Read the word problem, write an equation,
  solve the equation, and make a generalization
  about the answer.
• SHOW ALL COMPUTATIONS! (Your Work)
• Review generic vocabulary ahead of time.
• Everything starts with arithmetic, so review your
  basic skills.
• Practice computations without a calculator.
• Check units on your answers.

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UNIT 3 Vocabulary of Testing

• Blooms Taxonomy

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Knowledge/Remembering

• Basically giving back information that was given
  to you in the same form.
• recall, recite, memorize, list, name, describe,
  label, match, identify, define

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Comprehension/Understanding

• Showing you understand something by putting it in
  your own words.
• discuss, express, explain, summarize, paraphrase,
  infer, locate, find, tell, extend, give examples,
  depict

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Application/Using Understanding

• Use rules or concepts in a new problem situation
  to apply known solutions to new events to
  employ guides such as maps or charts.
• practice, apply, compute, use, translate, change,
  solve, interpret, pretend, dramatize, illustrate,
  demonstrate

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Synthesis/Creating

• To use the knowledge you have and create
  something new from it.
• create, draw, compose, design, formulate
  organize, combine, devise, modify assemble, plan,
  construct, write, compile, revise, suppose

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Analysis/Examining

• To take things apart, to separate them, or
  rearrange them in order to understand them
  better.
• debate, diagram, compare, contrast, question,
  analyze, categorize, outline, experiment,
  criticize, differentiate, distinguish

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Evaluation/Deciding or Judging

• No right or wrong answer, but you must support
  your answer with solid evidence.
• select, judge, predict, justify, decide, choose,
  assess, evaluate, support, conclude, value

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UNIT 4 Mnemonic Devices

• Making up phrases that help you remember test
  information.

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How to Make a Mnemonic

• Decide which information you would like to
  memorize.
• Try the order of operations.
• Take the first letter from each aspect of the
  order of operations.
• Make up a phrase to help you remember the
  letters.

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Mnemonic for MATH

• Order of Operations
• Parentheses
• Exponents
• Multiplication
• Division
• Addition
• Subtraction
• PLEASE EXCUSE MY DEAR AUNT SALLIE

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UNIT 5 Scantrons Answer Sheet

• How to Survive the Paperwork

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Tools

• Always use a 2 pencil unless otherwise
  directed.
• Completely bubble in your answer choice.
• If you make a mistake, make sure to erase
  COMPLETELY.
• DO NOT make any marks on the answer sheets other
  than directed.

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Unit 6 Prep Your Way to Success in Reading

• Reading for Different Purposes

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STRATEGY How to Find Details

• Ask the questions What? How? Why? Where? When? Or
  Who?
• Form a mental picture of the facts the author
  presents
• See how the facts give you information about the
  subject of the passage

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How to Find Details (Excerpt)Physical Fitness

• Strength means the power in ones muscles.
  Like suppleness, strength helps prevent strains
  or sprains when you lift, push, or pull things.
  Strong muscles are also needed for good posture.
  Muscles support the backbone.

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How to Find Details (Question)

• Strength helps you to
• move more quickly
• sit, stand, or reach for things
• exercise for a long period without getting tired
• prevent strains or sprains

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How to Find Details (Explanation)

• d) Prevent strains or sprains
• The answer is found in the 2nd,3rd, and 4th line
  of the excerpt. Look for the two nouns strains
  and sprains within the passage. They give you
  more information about the subject strength.

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STRATEGY How to Find the Main Idea

• Read the passage.
• For each paragraph, find the topic by asking who
  or what is this about?
• Ask, What main point does the author make about
  the topic? This will be the main idea of the
  paragraph

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More Main Idea.

• For a passage of more than one paragraph, study
  the whole passage. Find the main idea of each
  paragraph. Then identify the topic of the whole
  passage. Finally, find the main point that the
  author makes about that topic.
• Check that you have found the main idea. Ask, Do
  all the details in the passage explain or
  describe that main idea?

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Finding the Main Idea (Excerpt)The Amazing
All-Purpose Hand

• Human beings have an unusual kind of thumb.
  Its call opposable. That means we can move the
  thumb separately from our fingers. We can move
  it across our palms to meet each fingertip. Of
  all animals, only human beings, monkeys, and apes
  have this kind of thumb.

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Finding the Main Idea (Question)

• According to the excerpt, what makes the hand so
  different from the paws of most other animals?
• The hand has more bones.
• The hand has an opposable thumb.
• The hand has more muscles.
• The hand has more knuckles.

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Finding the Main Idea (Explanation)

• The hand has an opposable thumb.
• Look at the 2nd line of the excerpt. What was the
  main point the author made about the human hand
  that made it different from most other animals?

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STRATEGY How to Summarize

• Note the key ideas or details.
• Ask, Who or what is the topic of these facts?
• Ask, What main point do these facts make about
  the topic?
• Check that you have written a good summary. Ask,
  Does this statement cover the important details
  of all the facts?

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How to Summarize (Excerpt)

• The muscles that help us move are attached
  to bones. But muscles can only pull bones they
  cannot push. Therefore, most muscles work in
  pairs. To bend your arm, for instance, the muscle
  on top of you arm pulls it up. To straighten
  your arm, the muscle on the bottom of your arm
  pulls it back down.

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How to Summarize (Question)

• What is the best summary of these facts?
• The arm has a muscle on the top and another
  muscle on the bottom.
• Most muscles are attached to bones such as the
  arm bones.
• Because muscles can only pull, they work in pairs
  to move bones.
• The muscles of the arm can move the arm either up
  or down.

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How to Summarize (Explanation)

• c) Because muscles can only pull, they work in
  pairs to move bones.
• Pull together all of the facts as a summary and
  decide which facts are the most important in this
  excerpt. From the 2nd line to the end, many facts
  about the topic are given. If all facts are
  combined, what is the main point about this topic
  that is highlighted?

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STRATEGY How to Put Events in Sequence

• Look for words that signal time or order (next,
  before, then, last, afterward, finally...)
• Underline each event or write it on a separate
  piece of paper.
• Number the events in the order in which they
  happened.

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Events in Sequence (Excerpt)How the Body Fights
Disease

• Often, when a germ enters the body, the
  body starts producing antibodies. These are
  substances that fight against the germ and help
  destroy it.
• Our bodies can produce antibodies for
  many diseases. Thats why we can catch those
  diseases only once. The first time we are sick
  with the disease, our body make

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More Sequence (Excerpt)

• Antibodies for it. The antibodies fight the
  diseases germs. Eventually, they kill the
  germs.
• If we are exposed to the disease a second
  time, the germs can enter the body again. But the
  antibodies for those germs are still in our
  bodies. They fight off the germs and keep them
  from making us sick again.

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Events in a Sequence (Question)

• Number the events in order, beginning with 1.
• __The antibodies kill the disease germs.
• __The body produces antibodies for the disease.
• __Disease germs enter the body for the first
  time.
• __The antibodies fight the disease germs.
• __The antibodies stay in the body and kill those
  germs if they return.

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Events in a Sequence (Explanation)

• a) 4 b) 2 c) 1 d) 3 e) 5
• When reading this excerpt, did you identify which
  event came first, second, third, fourth, fifth,
  sixth? You can always make a penciled number
  above each idea as you locate it in the excerpt.

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STRATEGY How to Restate Facts

• Read each statement carefully to be sure you
  understand it fully.
• Look away. Form a mental picture of the idea in
  the statement.
• Use your own words to express the idea in your
  mental picture.

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How to Restate Facts (Practice)

• Each of the following sentences on the left has
  been restated. The restatements are listed on
  the right, but they have been scrambled out of
  order. Match each sentence with its restatement.
  On the line provided, write the letter of the
  correct restatement.

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More Restating Facts (Practice)

• Sentence
• All animals depend on plants for their food.
• Not all animals eat plants.
• If an animal does not eat plants, it eats other
  animals that do eat plants.

• Restatement
• Some animals eat only plant-eating animals.
• Without plants, animals would starve to death.
• Some animals dont eat plants.

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Restating Facts (Explanation)

• 1(b), 2(c), 3(a)
• Did you notice that the restatements use
  different words or word order, but the
  restatements mean the same thing as the original
  sentence.

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STRATEGY How to Find Comparisons and Contrasts

• Notice which features of the two (or More) things
  are being described.
• Look for clue words that signal similarities,
  such as both, all, like or alike, likewise, same,
  similar, also, and too.

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Compare and Contrast (Excerpt)

• Plants and animals are alike in that both need
  air to survive. Both of them breathe in the air
  in which they live. Animals use the part of air
  called oxygen. Then they breathe out the part
  call carbon dioxide, which they dont need.
  Plants are just the opposite. They use the carbon
  dioxide in the air to help them make the food
  they need. Then, through tiny holes on the
  surface of their leaves, they breathe out the
  leftover oxygen.

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Compare and Contrast (Practice)
1. They use Carbon Dioxide. Animals Plants Both
2. They need air to survive. Animals Plants Both
3. They breathe out oxygen. Animals Plants Both
4. They breathe in air. Animals Plants Both
5. They use oxygen. Animals Plants Both
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Compare and Contrast (Explanation)

1. Plants
2. Both
3. Plants
4. Both
5. Animals

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Strategy Classifying

• Identify the categories.
• Note the features of each category.
• Put examples in their correct categories.

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Classifying (Excerpt)Getting Along in a Tough
Place

• Plants can do very different things to
  survive their natural homes. In the desert, for
  example, it seldom rains. When it does rain,
  desert plants store large amounts of rainwater in
  their stems. They use the water gradually during
  the long spells when no rain falls.

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More Classifying (Excerpt)

• These plants have thick skins. Their skins
  Keep the stored water from evaporating. Cactuses
  are examples of this type of plant.
• At the opposite extreme are plants that
  contain hollow spaces in which they store the air
  they must have to survive. Sargassum is one such
  plant. Kelp is another.

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Classifying (Sample)
Category
Features 1. 2. 1.
Examples 1. Cactus Sargassum Kelp
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Classifying (Explanation)
Category Desert Plants Salt Water Plants
Features 1. Stores large amounts rainwater 2. Thick skinned 1. Have hollow spaces to store air
Examples 1. Cactus Sargassum Kelp
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STRATEGY How to Draw Conclusions

• Think of the facts as clues.
• Read between the lines. Find ideas that the
  facts hint at but dont state directly.
• Be sure the ideas make sense, given the facts.
  Rule out any that do not make sense.

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How to Draw Conclusions How Long Can Seeds
Rest (Excerpt)

• Once a plants seeds are fully formed,
  they usually need a resting period before they
  can begin growing as new plants. The seeds of
  some plants can rest for a very long time and
  then still grow when planted.
• Some wild plant seeds have slept
  underground for as many as eighty years before
  they sprouted into new

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More How to Draw Conclusions(Excerpt)

• plants. Scientists know of seeds that were
  stored for more than 150 years. When these seeds
  were finally planted, they produced healthy new
  plants.
• But these long resting periods are unusual.
  The seeds of most garden flowers can rest only
  for a year or two. After that length of time,
  they will no longer sprout into new plants.

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More on How to Draw Conclusions (Excerpt)

• Does not get its water from the soil.
  Rather, it sucks water from its host plant. It
  does this by sinking roots into the branches of
  the host---much like a vampire sinks its teeth
  into a victims neck. Sometimes the host tree
  continues to live normally. But in other cases,
  the host is gradually drained to death.

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How to Draw Conclusion (Question)What is the
best summary of the passage above?

1. Seeds can rest for many years before they sprout
   into new plants.
2. Most garden flower seeds rest only for a year or
   two.
3. Most seeds need to rest before they sprout into
   new plants, but the resting periods vary.
4. Wild plant seeds can rest for up to 150 years
   before they sprout into new plants.

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How to Draw Conclusions (Explanation)

• The BEST answer is c)
• The other choices are all true, but each one only
  restates one fact or summarizes two of the facts.

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STRATEGY How to Read Diagrams

• Read the title to learn the purpose of the
  diagram.
• Study the drawing(s) and any labels.
• If there is more than one drawing, compare and
  contrast them.

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How to Read Diagrams (Excerpt)Magma
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How to Read Diagrams (Question)

• Using the diagram, what statement can you make
  about what happens to cause a volcano to erupt?
  Include as much information as possible.
• Answers will vary

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STRATEGY How to Identify Facts and Opinions

• Think whether the statement can be proved with
  evidence.
• Think whether everyone would agree with the
  statement after seeing the evidence.

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More Fact and Opinion

• Look for words that signal opinion, such as
  should or shouldnt, must or must not, or ought
  to.
• Look for words expressing emotions or values,
  which usually signal opinions. These are words
  such as good, bad, best, most, great, important,
  beautiful, terrible, wonderful, or fun.

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Fact and Opinion (Excerpt Question)Block That
Inertia! 1

• 1. Seat belts are one of the most valuable new
  features of cars in the past 25 years.
• 2. Seat belts were designed to protect people
  from being hurt in automobile accidents.
• Which sentence is an opinion?________

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Fact and Opinion (Excerpt Question)Block that
Inertia 2

• A physical force called inertia is the reason why
  car accidents can be so dangerous.
• Drivers---and passengers too---should understand
  inertia.
• It means that as object that is at rest will not
  move unless its forced to.
• Which sentence is an opinion?_____

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Fact and Opinion (Explanation)

• Question 1 Sentence 1 is the opinion.
• Did you notice the word most? It indicates the
  use of emotion.
• Question 2 Sentence 2 is the opinion.
• Did you notice the word should? It indicates an
  emotional judgment.

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STRATEGY How to Recognize Hypotheses

• Identify the question being asked.
• Look for words that signal an educated guess,
  such as believe, think, may or might be,
  possibly, and probably.
• Ask yourself if the educated guess answers the
  question being asked.
• Look for evidence given that supports the
  educated guess.

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How to Recognize the Hypothesis(Excerpt)

• Teresa and Mona drove all day to get to a
  campground high in the mountains. A week later,
  they drove home using the same route. The women
  kept track of how much gas the car used on both
  laps of the trip. They found that it used more
  gas on the trip to the campground than on the
  trip back. Teresa and Mona know that gravity
  pulls things downward toward the Earth.

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How to Recognize the Hypothesis(Question)

• What hypothesis did they make to explain why the
  car used more gas on the first trip?______________
  __________________________________________________
  ________________________________________

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How to Recognize the Hypothesis(Explanation)

• The trip to the campground probably had more
  uphill driving than the trip back home because
  the campground was high in the mountains. A car
  has to use more gas to move uphill against the
  pull of gravity.

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STRATEGY The Five Steps of the Scientific Method

• Decide which question to investigate.
• Find the facts related to the question.
• Form a hypothesis.
• Perform an experiment to test the hypothesis.
• Draw conclusions about your hypothesis

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Scientific Method (Excerpt)Staying Warm Wool
or Cotton?

• Masud worked in an ice-cream factory that
  was always chilly. He wondered which would keep
  him warmer, a cotton sweater or a wool sweater.
  He knew that wool fibers have tiny pockets of
  air. He also knew that one of the best ways to
  keep warmth in an object is to surround it with a
  thin layer of air.
• In light of these facts, Masud thought
  that a

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(More Excerpt)Scientific Method

• wool sweater would probably keep him warmer
  than a cotton one. He decided to test this hunch
  with an experiment.
• He filled two identical empty metal cans
  with boiling water. Then he wrapped a woolen
  sock snugly around one of the cans. He wrapped a
  cotton sock of the same thickness around the
  other can.

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(More Excerpt)Scientific Method

• Fifteen minutes later, Masud unwrapped
  the cans. He felt each one. The can that had
  been wrapped in wool was warmer that the one that
  had been wrapped in cotton. Masud decided that
  his hunch was right. Wool does do a better job
  of keeping heat in a warm object.

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Scientific Method (Question)

• Which question did Masud ask?
• ___________________________________
• What was Masuds Hypothesis?
• ___________________________________
• What conclusion did Masud draw at the end of the
  experiment?
• ___________________________________

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Scientific Method (Explanation)

• Which question did Masud ask?
• Will a wool sweater keep me warmer.
• What was Masuds Hypothesis?
• Since wool has air pockets, a wool sweater will
  keep me warmer.
• What conclusion did Masud draw at the end of the
  experiment?
• Surrounding an object with a thin layer of air,
  as with wool, creates more warmth

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STRATEGY How to Find Cause and Effect

• List all the events or facts.
• Look for words that signal cause and effect, such
  as because, cause, since, due to, as a result,
  therefore, or so.

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More Cause and Effect

• Think about which event happens first and which
  event follow. Remember that a passage may state
  the effect first and the cause second.
• Remembera cause can have more than one effect.
  Also, an effect can have more than one cause.

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More Cause and Effect

• Look for clue words that signal differences, such
  as but, however, unlike, different, although, on
  the other hand, and yet.
• Make a chart showing the things that are
  described. In the chart, list the features that
  are compared or contrasted.

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Cause and Effect (Questions) What is the Effect?

• Substances are made up of tiny bits of matter
  call molecules. These molecules are held
  together by forces call bonds. Bonds are like a
  glue between molecules. They make molecules pull
  toward each other.
• CAUSE Molecules are held together by bonds.
• Effect________________________________

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Cause and Effect (Explanation)

• Effect Molecules pull toward each other

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STRATEGY Predicting Outcomes

• List the facts that you know about the subject.
• Think about how things have happened in the past.
• Think whether you expect the future to be
  different from the past or like the past.
• Make a reasonable guess as to what will happen.
  Base your guess on the facts you know.

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Predicting Outcomes (Excerpt)

• Most paper is made of tiny fibers of wood.
  The first step in recycling paper is to soak it
  in water. This softens and separates the paper
  fibers. The result is a sort of soupy mush call
  pulp. Next, the pulp is cleaned and dried.
  Finally, it is rolled into new paper.
• Each time paper is broken down into pulp,
  its fibers become shorter and weaker. The

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More Predicting Outcomes

• Paper made from these shorter fibers is not
  as strong as new paper. It tends to crumble and
  fall apart.

116
Predicting Outcomes (Question)

• A paper company made shopping bags with paper
  that had been recycled several time. The company
  did not mix in any new fibers. What do you
  predict these bags will be like?
• They will dissolve quickly in water.
• They will be stronger than other bags.
• They will tear or break easily.
• They will not keep their shape well.

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Predicting Outcomes (Explanation)

• The answer is c) Each time the paper is broken
  down into pulp it becomes shorter and weaker,
  therefore it will tear or break easily.

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STRATEGY How to Read Charts

• Read the title. It tells what the chart is
  about.
• Read all headings. They tell what each section
  of the chart is about.
• Study the information under the headings.

119
How to Read Charts(Excerpt) Types of Colloids
Name Description Example
Fog liquid mixed in gas clouds
Smoke solid mixed in gas smoke
Foam gas mixed in liquid whipped cream
Emulsion liquid mixed in liquid mayonnaise
Sol solid mixed in liquid paint
Gel Liquid mixed in solid jelly
120
How to Read Charts (Questions)

• Mayonnaise is an example of which colloid?
• Foam
• Gel
• Emulsion
• Sol

121
How to Read Charts (Explanation)

• Mayonnaise is an example of an emulsion. Scan the
  example column to locate the word, then move to
  the name column to find the answer.

122
STRATEGY How to Identify Problems and Solutions

• To find the problem ask, What was Wrong?
• To find the solution ask, What was done to
  change things?
• Be sure you can explain how the solution solved
  the problem.

123
Problems and Solutions (Excerpt)Blowing in the
Wind

• Cars, televisions, toasters, phones,
  lamps--we use dozens of machines in our daily
  life. What makes them run?
• Most run on fossil fuels---oil, coal, and
  natural gas. Gasoline is made from fossil fuel.
  Cars, airplanes, and other engines run by burning
  gasoline. Most of our electricity is also made by
  burning fossil fuel.

124
Problems and Solutions (More Excerpt)

• But when fossil fuels burn, they give off
  gases. Some of those gases cause acid rain.
  Others are slowly hearting up our air. That is
  as dangerous as acid rain. Is there any way out
  of the fossil-fuel mess?
• Heres one way out the wind. Wind
  doesnt cost a penny. It doesnt pollute. But it
  can turn windmills. And those windmills can
  produce electricity. In dozens of places

125
Problems and Solutions (More Excerpt)

• around the world, people have built
  windmills to make power without polluting.
• Wind probably cant solve all of our
  energy problems. It doesnt blow all the time.
  Also, some people feel windmills would clutter up
  the land. But chances are that windmills will
  become more common. Theyre a lot cleaner than
  the burning of fossil fuels.

126
Problems Solutions (Question)

• How does that solution solve the main problem of
  fossil fuels?
• It doesnt cause any pollution.
• It is cheaper than fossil fuels.
• It can produce more electricity than fossil fuels
  do.
• It is easier to find than fossil fuels.

127
Problems Solutions (Explanation)

• The answer is a)
• Most of our electricity is made by burning fossil
  fuel. The gases caused by the burning of fossil
  fuel creates pollution. Electricity can be
  created by harnessing the wind. Wind does not
  create pollution.

128
STRATEGY How to Read Line Graphs

• Read the title. It tells what the graph is
  about.
• Read all words and numbers. They show how the
  graph is laid out.
• Study the line. See where it goes up or down.
  That helps you compare things or see how they
  changed.

129
How to Read Line Graphs (Excerpt)
130
Line Graphs (Questions)

• What is the tile of this graph?____________
• How many years did it the minimum rage take to
  get from .25 to 5.15 per hour?___
• In which year did the minimum wage begin?
• Which direction is the line traveling? What does
  that mean?______________________
• Why did they use a dollar bill graphic?
• _____________________________________

131
Line Graphs (Explanation)

• The Federal Hourly Minimum Wage Since Its
  Inception
• Twenty Years
• 1938
• The line is going up which means that the wage
  increased over the years
• They used a dollar bill graphic to represent
  money

132
STRATEGY How to Apply Knowledge

• Ask, What do I know that connects to the new
  situation?
• Identify things in the new situation that are
  similar to what you know.
• Identify things in the new situation that are
  different from what you know.
• Draw conclusions.

133
How to Apply Knowledge (Excerpt)The Earths
Wear and Tear

• Erosion is the wearing away of the earths
  surface. Erosion is caused by weatheringwind,
  rain, and temperature changes that break up rocks
  and move soil. Two types of weathering occur in
  nature mechanical weathering and chemical
  weathering.
• Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into
  smaller pieces. For instance, the suns heat may
  cause a rock to expand and split. Or water may
  freeze on a rocks surface. The

134
Apply Knowledge (More Excerpt)

• Expanding ice may crack the rock.
• Wind also causes mechanical weathering.
  When wind blows hard, it picks up pieces of rock
  and soil and carries them along. This driving
  wind can cut away at rocks and hills. The rocks
  get worn away. They split apart more easily.
• Chemical weathering is a change in the

135
Apply Knowledge (More Excerpt)

• Minerals inside a rock. This usually happens
  when water is present. For example, water can
  wash away a rocks minerals. This weakens the
  rock. And rain mixed with a gas called carbon
  dioxide can dissolve rock such as limestone.
• Sandblasting is a way to clean the outside
  of stone buildings. A high-powered stream

136
Apply Knowledge (More Excerpt)

• Of sand is blown against the brick or stone.
  As the sand hits the surface, it wears away the
  dirty top layer of the stone. This leaves a
  clean surface.
• Although sandblasting is a sure way to
  clean brick, it has its drawbacks. The process
  often weakens the brick. Over time, the bricks
  can crumble. The process also leaves

137
Apply Knowledge (More Excerpt)

• The bricks or stone more porous. This means
  that they are more likely to absorb water, which
  can cause damage. For these reasons,
  sandblasting is often used only as a last resort.

138
Apply Knowledge (Question)

• Use what you learned about erosion to think about
  sandblasting. Circle the best answer to complete
  this statement Sandblasting is like erosion
  caused by
• water
• sand particles
• ice
• air

139
Apply Knowledge (Explanation)

• You read that sandblasting is sand being blown
  against the surface of a brick wall . This is
  most similar to c) wind. Wind picks up bits of
  rocks and carries them along. Over time, this
  can wear away the earths crust.

140
STRATEGY How to Read Bar Graphs

• Read the title. It tells what the graph is about.
• Read all words and numbers. They show how the
  graph is laid out.
• Study the bars. They show the facts, and they
  help you compare things quickly.

141
How To Read Bar Graphs (Excerpt) Profits in
Millions of the 3 Branches of the ACME Company
142
Bar Chart (Questions)

• In which quarter was the East Branch most
  profitable?
• What can be said about the profits of the North
  Branch?
• Which branch showed the greatest fluctuation
  (change) in profits?

143
Bar Charts (Explanation)

1. 3rd Quarter
2. The North Branch did not change much over the
   four quarters
3. The East Branch had the greatest fluctuation over
   the four quarters.

144
STRATEGY How to Make Inferences

• Look for clues. Find the topic, main idea, and
  details.
• Figure out why the author included certain
  details.
• Read between the lines. What do the details
  suggest?
• Check to see if you have enough information to
  make the inference.

145
How to Make Inferences(Excerpt)

• Mark Brown is a union official. He
  says, Millions of people used to be proud to
  say, Im a Democrat. They used to fight over
  it. They used to drink over it. They used to
  laugh over it. They used to argue over it. Brown
  thinks that times have changed. The number of
  Democrats seem to have fallen. And he wonders
  why.

146
How to Make Inferences(More Excerpt)

• People used to know the answer to this question
  What is a Democrat? Past presidents were clear
  examples. Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, and
  John Kennedy were Democrats. They knew what being
  a Democrat was all about. Here are some things
  that Mark Brown says the Democratic Party
  believes in

147
How to Make Inferences(More Excerpt)

• the middle class
• factory workers and unions
• the civil rights of minorities and women
• a strong defense
• social welfare programs

148
How to Make Inferences(More Excerpt)

• In the 1990s, the party must define what
  being a Democrat means today. Many people are
  worried about the economy. Todays Democratic
  Party seems more moderate than it did in the
  past. Party members are stressing investment and
  growth. They want to build bridges between them
  and business. They want to pump up the economy.
  Democrats also want to stop

149
How to Make Inferences(More Excerpt)

• Crime by putting more police on the
  streets. Uniting the party is a chief aim. This
  is the new face of the Democratic Party.
• During the 1980s, voters chose Republican
  presidents. Mark Brown wants that pattern to
  change. Weve got our work cut out for us to
  bring these people home. We have to find the
  right message and the right messenger.

150
How to Make Inferences (Question)What can you
infer about Democrats running for president in
the 1980s?

1. They were not able to gain the trust of the
   majority of voters.
2. They spent too much money on their political
   campaigns.
3. They were not as smart as the Republicans running
   for president.
4. They did not know how worried people were about
   the economy.

151
How to Make Inferences (Explanation)

• The answer is 1) The first sentence of the last
  paragraph tells you that Republican presidents
  were elected in the 1980s. This clue supports the
  inference.

152
STRATEGY How to Read a Circle Graph

• Find the title. What is the topic of the graph?
• Read the labels on each portion of the circle.
  How do the labels relate to the topic of the
  graph?
• Study the percentage() and size of each portion.
  Which portion is largest? Which portion is
  smallest?
• Check to see that each portion adds up to the
  total (100)

153
How to Read a Circle Graph(Excerpt)
154
How to Read a Circle Graph(Questions)

1. What is the topic of the survey?
2. Of the five flavors listed, which is the most
   popular?
3. What is the total percent of the two most popular
   flavors?
4. Of the five flavors listed, which is the least
   popular?

155
How to Read a Circle Graph(Questions)

1. What percent of customers are completely
   dissatisfied with the product?
2. What percent of customers are completely
   satisfied with the product?
3. What is the product of this survey?

156
How to Read a Circle Graph(Explanation)

1. Flavor preference of customers for Jelly Belly
   jellybeans.
2. Tangerine
3. 50
4. Popcorn

157
STRATEGY How to Understand Political Cartoons

• Notice every detail of the cartoon.
• Look at the characters. Who are they? What are
  they saying?
• Read every word in the cartoon. Study the labels
  and descriptions.
• Figure out if any pictures are symbols. What do
  you think they mean?
• Check to see if your inferences about the cartoon
  make sense.

158
How to Understand a Political Cartoon(Excerpt)
159
Political Cartoons (Question)

• Who is the man in the cartoon?_________________
• What is he saying?___________________________
• What does the newspaper say?_________________
• What does the label on the money bag say?
• ____________________________________________
• Why is there a donkey on the front page?
• ____________________________________________
• What is your interpretation of the cartoon?
• ____________________________________________

160
Political Cartoons (Explanation)

• Who is the man in the cartoon? George Bush
• What is he saying? The buck stops here
• What does the newspaper say? CIA chief takes fall
• What does the label on the money bag say?
• Republican fund raising higher that Democrats
• Why is there a donkey on the front page?
• Democratic Symbol
• What is your interpretation of the cartoon?
• Answers will vary

161
STRATEGY Using a Map Key

• Study the symbols in the map key. What does each
  symbol represent?
• Find the location of the symbols on the map.
• Check how the map symbols are used to explain
  information.

162
Using Map Keys Excerpt
163
Map Keys (Questions)

• What does a diamond represent on this
  map?___________________________
• What do the dots represent?
• ________________________________
• What does the colored bar represent?
• ________________________________
• Which continent had the most recent earth
  quake?__________________________

164
Map Keys ( Explanation)

• What does a diamond represent on this map? Most
  recent earthquake
• What do the dots represent?
• Magnitude or size
• What does the colored bar represent?
• Depth in kilometers
• Which continent had the most recent earth quake?
  South America

165
STRATEGY How to Find Directions and Distances

• Find the direction symbol on the map. Places at
  the top of the map are north. Places at the
  bottom are south. West is to the right, and west
  is to the left.
• Find the number of miles represented in the map.

166
More Finding Directions/Distances

• Practice finding the number of miles on a map
  from one place to another.
• Check to make sure that you have added the number
  of miles correctly.

167
Finding Directions (Excerpt)
168
Finding Directions (Questions)

• How far is it in miles from Sycamore Canyon Park
  to Schabarum Regional Park?_______________________
  ______
• What is the distance in km. from Rimgrove Park to
  Snow Creek Park?___________________
• How many miles of the 60 Freeway can be seen on
  this map?__________________________

169
Finding Directions (Explanation)

• How far is it in miles from Sycamore Canyon Park
  to Schabarum Regional Park? Approximately 7 miles
  
• What is the distance in km. from Rimgrove Park to
  Snow Creek Park? Approximately 6 km.
• How many miles of the 60 Freeway can be seen on
  this map? Approximately 10 miles

170
STRATEGY How to Understand Historical Maps

• Read the title and background information. What
  is the purpose of the map?
• Read all the words on the map. If the map has a
  key, locate the symbols on the map.
• Check to see how the map shows events, trends, or
  ideas in history.

171
Historical Maps (Excerpt)
172
Historical Maps (Question)

• From the information that is visible
• What is the year this map represents?_____
• What is the title of this map?_____________
• What might the purpose of this map be?
• _____________________________________

173
Historical Maps (Explanation)

• From the information that is visible
• what is the year this map represents? 1876
• what is the title of this map? Panamint Range
  Mountains
• What might the purpose of this map be?
• Possibly how a town will be built against
  this mountain range.

174
Closure Slides

• Contributions were made by
• The entire faculty through level 3 4 of the gap
  analysis.
• Last years committee for question of the week.
• Lucy Cheneys text contributions
• Administration faculty through the body of the
  gap analysis.

175
Closure Slides

• Please feel free to refer back to areas of
  interest periodically as we head into the state
  testing window. You may also make copies for any
  students who would like to review this
  presentation at home.