Chapter 27 The Age of Imperialism

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Chapter 27The Age of Imperialism

• Learning Objectives
• Define Imperialism
• Analyze forms and methods of Imperialism
• Analyze the causes and effects of imperialism
• Analyze and describe the effects of Berlin
  Conference on Africa
• Analyze impact of the Boer War (South African
  War)
• Analyze the positive and negative legacy of
  Imperialism on Africa

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• Imperialismseizure of a country or territory by
  a stronger country
• Rule from afar
• Factors discouraging Euro Exploration of Africa
• African armies
• Rivers (physical geography)
• Disease

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Causes

• Economic motives
• The I.R. created demand for raw materials and new
  markets
• Balance of Power
• Euro nations forced to compete for power with
  their Euro neighbors
• Nationalism
• Belief in Euro superiority
• Euros viewed empires as a measure of greatness
• Social Darwinism (Racism) theory advanced by
  Charles Darwin and used to justify expansion of
  European white dominance.
• S.D. argues
• Laws of evolution observed in nature, also apply
  to society.
• Fittest or best adapted individuals, or societies
  prevail.
• It is a white mans burden to enlighten
  non-European peoples
• Euros had the right and duty to spread their
  progress to the world

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Factors Promoting Imperialism of Africa

• 1. Technological superiority
• Steam engine and Maxim gun help conquest
• Steam engine allows easy travel and establishment
  of control
• Railroads aide communication and transport
• 2. Disease first kept Euros on coast
• Perfection of quinine protects Euros from malaria
• 3. African Disunity language and cultural
  differences discouraged unity (Centrifugal
  Force)
• Euros used disunity to pit rival groups against
  each other

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Background InformationCongo The Brutal History

• Missionaries, explorers, humanitarians first to
  reach interior of Africa
• David Livingstone (Scottish Missionary)
• Henry Stanley (American reporter) hired to find
  Livingstone
• Stanleys exploration interests King Leopold II
  of Belgium to acquire land in Congo
• Stanley has local chiefs sign treaties giving
  Belgium and Leopold control of Congo
• Primary motive to spread Christianity and
  abolish slavery
• Reality Leopold brutally exploits Africans
  millions die
• Leopolds actions push Belgian government to
  take colony
• The Belgian Congo
• Seizure of large part of Africa sparks much of
  Europe to claim parts of Africa
• Britain, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain
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Dividing Africa

• Berlin Conferenceconference regulating European
  colonization and trade in Africa
• Berlin, Germany 1884.
• Set rules to peacefully divide African continent
• Results in a "Scramble for Africa
• Legitimized and formalized Euro control of
  continent
• 14 Euro countries agree on rules for division of
  continent (188485)
• GB, Germany, France, Portugal
• By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia are free of
  European control 
• Raw materials are greatest source of wealth in
  Africa
• Copper, tin, gold, and diamonds

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Groups Clash over South Africa

• South Africa example of European impact on
  Africans
• S.A. history clash b/t Africans, Dutch, and
  British over resources
• ShakaZulu chiefcreates centralized state around
  1816 along south east border
• Used by British to conquer more land and people
• British defeat Zulus and gain control of Zulu
  nation in 1887

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Euros in South Africa

• First Euros to settle in S.A. Dutch (1652)
• Establish station for ships sailing to Dutch East
  Indies
• Cape Good Hope
• Boers also known as Afrikaners
• Dutch farmers take Africans land, establish
  large farms
• British gain control of S.A. (1795)
• Boers clash with British over farmland and
  freeing slaves
• Boers move north (Great Trek) to escape British
• Clash with native tribes

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Boer War (Dutch vs. British)

• Boers discover diamonds and gold
• Tension over ownership of land and resources
  result in two wars
• Boers win first
• British counter attack burning farms and
  imprisoning women and children
• Concentration camps for blacks and whites
• British defeat Boers 1902
• Boer republics (states) join into Union of South
  Africa
• Controlled by British
• Impact
• Signaled change in the way of life for South
  Africans (Apartheid)
• Euros changed political, economic, and social
  aspects of Africans lives