Implications of Psycholinguistic Research 1

1
Implications of Psycholinguistic Research 1

• Accessibility of L2 linguistic elements depends
  on acquisition, storage, and automatic retrieval.
  
• DO THINGS THAT PROMOTE THESE

Review of Psycholinguistics chapter.
2
Implications of Psycholinguistic Research 2

• L2 linguistic knowledge is not stable.
• REMEMBER THIS AND ACT ACCORDINGLY

Review of Psycholinguistics chapter.
3
Implications of Psycholinguistic Research 3

• L2 acquisition does not have negative
  consequences for cognitive processing
• REASSURE PARENTS WHO WORRY ABOUT BILINGUAL /
  SECOND LANGUAGE EDUCATION  

Review of Psycholinguistics chapter.
4
Questions to ask yourself throughout the chapter

• Why should I know this as a language teacher?
•  
• Why should I know this as a business person, etc.

Llamas, Carmen and Peter Stockwell. 2010.
Sociolinguistics. Second Language Acquisition. In
Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to
Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 9, pp.
143-160. London Hodder Education.
5
Importance of Sociolinguistics

• ? Communicative Competence
• ? Intercultural communication / understanding
• ? Avoiding Misunderstandings
• ? For EVERYONE, not just language people
• (IF you approach it right)

Llamas, Carmen and Peter Stockwell. 2010.
Sociolinguistics. Second Language Acquisition. In
Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to
Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 9, pp.
143-160. London Hodder Education.
6
SociolinguisticsFirst Take

• The most obvious definition of
  sociolinguistics is that it is the study of
  language in society.
• However, if it was as easy as that, then almost
  every language event would form a part of the
  field of sociolinguistics.

Llamas, Carmen and Peter Stockwell. 2010.
Sociolinguistics. Second Language Acquisition. In
Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to
Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 9, pp.
143-160. London Hodder Education, p. 143.
7
SociolinguisticsSecond Take

• So, Sociolinguistics is the study of the
  linguistic indicators of culture and power.

Llamas, Carmen and Peter Stockwell. 2010.
Sociolinguistics. Second Language Acquisition. In
Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to
Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 9, pp.
143-160. London Hodder Education, p. 143.
8
SociolinguisticsThird Take

• So, finally and centrally, sociolinguistics is
  the study of language variation and language
  change.

Llamas, Carmen and Peter Stockwell. 2010.
Sociolinguistics. Second Language Acquisition. In
Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to
Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 9, pp.
143-160. London Hodder Education, p. 143.
9
SociolinguisticsFourth Take

• Sociolinguistics is the study of language
  variation (synchronic or diachronic) and its
  correlation with social factors.

10
Sociolinguistic Variation

• Synchronic
• (variation at any
• point in time)
• A B C D
• Diachronic (variation at
  different points in time)

Llamas, Carmen and Peter Stockwell. 2010.
Sociolinguistics. Second Language Acquisition. In
Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to
Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 9, pp.
143-160. London Hodder Education, based on p.
143.
11
Key Concepts in Language Variation

• 1. Idiolect and Sociolect
• 2. Standard, Non-Standard, and Codification
• 3. Prestige, Stigmatization, and
• Language Loyalty
• 4. Dialect, Accent, and Language Planning
• 5. Speech Communities

Llamas, Carmen and Peter Stockwell. 2010.
Sociolinguistics. Second Language Acquisition. In
Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to
Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 9, pp.
143-160. London Hodder Education, based on pp.
144-146.
12
What is a standard language?

• ? Codified grammar books and dictionaries are
  written promoting the form
• ? Used by the government, in the education
  system, in newspapers and other media (such as
  TV) and promoted as THE standard form of the
  language
• ? Called CORRECT called PROPER

Llamas, Carmen and Peter Stockwell. 2010.
Sociolinguistics. Second Language Acquisition. In
Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to
Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 9, pp.
143-160. London Hodder Education, based on p.
144.
13
Standard and Non-Standard VarietiesDescription
and Attitudes

• Standard Non-Standard
• Standardized/Codified Maybe yes/no
• Official sanction Maybe yes/no
• Widely Promoted Maybe yes/no
• Gatekeeping Function Maybe indirectly
• High Prestige Low Prestige
• Valued Stigmatized
• Correct Incorrect
• Refined Unrefined

Llamas, Carmen and Peter Stockwell. 2010.
Sociolinguistics. Second Language Acquisition. In
Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to
Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 9, pp.
143-160. London Hodder Education, based on p.
145.
14
Whats a speech community?

• ? In English we say
• ? In American English we say
• ? In West coast American English we say
• ? In West coast American English spoken by
  people/men my age we say

15
Language PronouncementsThink Speech Communities

• ? Some people do not pronounce the /r/ in 'farm'.
  
• Vague
• ? Some English-speaking people do not pronounce
  the /r/ in 'farm'. Vague
• ? Some British / American people do not pronounce
  the /r/ in 'farm'. Better
• ? RP speakers of British English do not pronounce
  the /r/ in 'farm'. Even Better
• NOT all British English speakers may belong to
  the same speech community.

16
Linguistic Variables

• 1. Phonological Variation
• 2. Grammatical Variation
• 3. Lexical Variation
• 4. Discoursal Variation
• 5. Linguistic Variation

Llamas, Carmen and Peter Stockwell. 2010.
Sociolinguistics. Second Language Acquisition. In
Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to
Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 9, pp.
143-160. London Hodder Education, based on pp.
146-150.
17
Social Factors

• 1. Geography / Region
• 2. Social Class
• 3. Gender
• 4. Age
• 5. Audience
• 6. Identity
• 7. Social Network Relations

Llamas, Carmen and Peter Stockwell. 2010.
Sociolinguistics. Second Language Acquisition. In
Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to
Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 9, pp.
143-160. London Hodder Education, based on pp.
150-151.
18
Additional Topics of Interest

• ? Code-switching
• ? Diglossia
• ? Language Policy / Planning
• ? Language Death
• ? Language Contact
• ? Pidgins
• ? Creoles

Llamas, Carmen and Peter Stockwell. 2010.
Sociolinguistics. Second Language Acquisition. In
Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to
Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 9, pp.
143-160. London Hodder Education, based on pp.
149-150.
19
Experimental / Elicitation Techniques

• ? Interviews
• ? Questionnaires (spoken / written)
• ? Think-Aloud Protocols (with reading passage)
• ? Role-Play
• ? Storytelling
• ? Naturalistic Techniques
• ? Various Elicitation Techniques

Llamas, Carmen and Peter Stockwell. 2010.
Sociolinguistics. Second Language Acquisition. In
Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to
Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 9, pp.
143-160. London Hodder Education, based on p.
151.