How does chemistry affect living things?

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How does chemistry affect living things?

• The Chemistry of Life
• Section 6.1

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The Chemistry of Life

• Everything is made from combinations of the 90
  natural elements.
• Elements cant be broken down into simpler
  substances.
• Organisms must also be composed of elements.

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The Chemistry of Life

• Living things are also made of elements.
• Major Elements (96)
• Carbon (C)
• Hydrogen (H)
• Oxygen (O)
• Nitrogen (N)
• Trace Elements (4)
• Iron (Fe)
• Copper (Cu)
• Potassium (K)
• Sodium (Na)

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Atoms

• Atoms are the smallest units of an element.
• The structure of an atom determines its elements
  and behavior.

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Atoms

• In the Nucleus
• Protons ()
• Neutrons (0)
• Around the Nucleus
• Electrons (-)

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Reading the Periodic Table
Atomic Number p Atomic Mass p n0
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Section Check
Protons Neutrons Electrons
Aluminum (Al)
Silver (Ag)
Magnesium (Mg)
Krypton (Kr)
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Compounds

• Atoms like to share or steal electrons to become
  stable.
• Example
• Sodium prefers to lose one electron to become
  Na.
• Chlorine wants to gain one electron to become
  Cl-.
• NaCl Table Salt

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Compounds

• Another Example
• Carbon has 6 electrons (and can share 4 of them)
• Hydrogen has one electron to share.
• CH4 Methane

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Acids and Bases

• Acids
• Loses a Hydrogen ion (H) in water.
• pH less than 7
• HCl, Car Battery, Vinegar, Coca Cola
• Bases
• Loses a hydroxide ion (OH-) in water
• pH greater than 7
• Drano, Bleach, Ammonia

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Why is water such an important molecule?

• Properties of Water
• Section 6.2

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The Importance of Water

• Life requires water.
• Water makes up 70-95 of living organisms.
• A molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms
  connected to one oxygen atom.

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The Importance of Water

• Water is Polar!
• Cohesion (surface tension)
• Adhesion (capillary action)
• Dissolves most things (universal solvent)
• Expands when it freezes (ice floats

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What are the four important organic molecules?

• Section 6.3

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The Importance of Carbon

• All living things are based on the element carbon
  (Organic Chem).
• Carbon has 6 protons 6 neutrons 6 electrons.
• Carbon prefers to form 4 bonds with a different
  carbon or another element.

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The Importance of Carbon

• Carbon can form small molecules, rings, or
  chains
• Monomer is a single unit that can build a larger
  structure (building block).
• Polymer is a chain of repeating monomers which
  make up the molecules of life.

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The Main Biomolecules

• The Four Important Organic Molecules
• Carbohydrates (sugars)
• Lipids (fats)
• Proteins (enzymes)
• Nucleic Acids (genetics)

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Carbohydrates

• Commonly known as sugars
• Provide a quick source of energy for the body.
• Building Blocks Monosaccharides
• A simple sugar
• Make larger carbohydrates
• Glucose, Fructose, Lactose

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Carbohydrates

• Polysaccharides are long chains of carbohydrates.
• Glycogen stores the energy in animals (muscles
  and liver)
• Starch stores the energy in plants (potatoes,
  pastas, and grains)
• Cellulose forms the cell wall of plants

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Lipids

• Examples include fats, waxes, oils and steroids
• Organisms use lipids for energy storage,
  insulation, and plasma membrane.
• Building Blocks Glycerol 3 Fatty Acids
• Saturated fats are solids
• Unsaturated fats are liquids

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Proteins

• Provide the structure and perform the functions
  of the body.
• Building Blocks Amino Acids
• 20 different amino acids link to make the
  different proteins.
• The order of amino acids determines the function
  of the protein.

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Proteins

• Types of Proteins
• Keratin provides the structure of hair, nails,
  and skin.
• Actin/Myosin contract the muscles
• Antibodies fight off infections
• Hemoglobin carries oxygen in the RBCs

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Proteins

• Enzymes
• Biological catalysts
• Increase the rates of reactions in the body.
• Lower the energy needed for reactions to take
  place
• The substrate attaches to the enzyme which
  converts into the product.

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Nucleic Acids

• The DNA and RNA
• Contain the genetic material (directions to make
  proteins).
• Building Blocks Nucleotides
• 5-Carbon Sugar
• Phosphate Group
• Nitrogenous Base

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Enzymes

• Proteins that make things happen (catalysts)
• Faster Reactions
• Less Energy
• Performs specific function based on shape.
• Substrate fits perfectly into the active site.
• Affected by Temp and pH