Metro Technologies

1
Chapter 2

• Metro Technologies

2
??????

• Ethernet over SONET/SDH(EOS)
• Resillent Packet Ring(RPR)
• Ethernet Transport

3
Ethernet over SONET/SDH

• ???????
• ????????(Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme)
• EOS????????
• EOS??????????
• ?????
• ????
• ???????EOS??

4
Ethernet over SONET/SDH

• SONET(??????)??
• ?????????????????,??????????,?????????????,???????
  ?? (SDH ) ,??????????,?????????????????????,??????
  ??? (Backbone) ?????SONET/SDH??????
• ????SONET/SDH???????????,?????????? (ATM )
  ??,????????????????????,????????????,?????ATM?????
  ??

5
SONET?SDH???
???? ????(Mbps)
SONET STS-1 51
SDH STM-1 155
6
SONET SDH ????
STS-1 STM-0 51.84
STS-3 STM-1 155.52
STS-9 STM-3 466.56
STS-12 STM-4 622.18
STS-18 STM-6 933.12
STS-24 STM-8 1244.16
STS-36 STM-12 1866.24
STS-48 STM-16 2488.32
7
??

• ???????FRAMES??
• Frame???
• TOH(Transport Overhead,??),?????????? ?
• SOH(section overhead),?????????? ?
• LOH(line overhead),?????????????
• payload(????)

8
SONET/SDH??

• The regenerator section, or section layer
• The multiplex section, or line layer
• The path layer

9
Helpful SONET/SDH Equivalency
SONET SDH SDH
STS-1 VC-3 STM-0
STS-3c VC-4 STM-1
VT-6 VC-2
VT-3
VT-2 VC-12
VT-1.5 VC-11
STS-12c VC-4-4c STM-4
STS-48c VC-4-16c STM-16
STS-192c VC-4-64c STM-64
STS-768c VC-4-256c STM-256
10

• EOS???
• ???????????????????SONET??????
• ??SONET?????????????,??????SONET OAMP??????
• ?EOS?,??????????????,????????????SONET
  payload?,???????????

11
???????SONET/SDH?????

• ??????????EOS ?????????????????EOS ????
• ????????????SONET/SDH?SPE?,
• ?SONET/SDH ??????
• ?????????????EOS????????

12
Ethernet over SONET/SDH

• ??????????? ??????
• LAPS???????HDLC?????,????IP?Ethernet
  ??,??????????????
• GFP???????????,GFP???????????????????????????GFP?
  ????????????,???????????PPP??????????(FICON),?????
  ???(ESCON) ?

13
Ethernet over SONET/SDH

• EOS????????SONET/SDH?????????????
• EOS????ADM?? (?2-2)
• EOS?????????? (?2-3)
• ???????ADM?EOS????????(?2-4)
• ??????????????,??????????????????????

14
(No Transcript)
15
Ethernet over SONET/SDH

• ??ADM
• ???????????????
• ?????????????????????
• ADM?????????????
• ?????????,???????TDM???????

16
????????

• Virtual Concatenation (VCat) VCat????????????????
  ????????(Virtual Container-n VC-n)?,????VC-n??VC-
  n-xv?????????????
• Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)
  LCAS??????SONET/SDH?????????????????????,????????
  ???????

17
???????

• ????TDM?SONET/SDH???????? ?
• ??VCAT,??????????????????????,??????????????
• ?????SONET/SDH(L1)??,???????????????,?????????????
  ????????

18
TDM

• ??????( Time-Division Multiplexing , TDM
  )????????????????????TDM??????????????????,???????
  ??????????????????????????,??????????????????,????
  ????

19
????????????????

• ???????300Mbps(??2-5??)
• ????
• ????DS3(45Mbps)??
• ????,???????????????????????
• ??OC-12(12STS-1)
• ???????????,???6-STS-1???
• ????
• ??6-STS-1???300Mbps,?????????

20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
???SONET/SDH?????????

• ??SONET/SDH????VCAT??,??Gigabit
  ????????21STS-1????????? ?
• ??????(FE)100Mbps??????STS-1?? ?
• ???DS-3????????STS-1 ?? ?
• ??2-6???

23
(No Transcript)
24
?SONET???????

• ?????????????????STS-1 (DS3)??,?????????????(XC)??
  ?
• EOS?VCAT???????SONET/SDH????????,??????????SONET/S
  DH?????
• ????SONET/SDH?????????VCAT??????,????????????????

25
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme

• ??????????????,?????SONET/SDH???????????
• ?????SONET/SDH?????????,???????????
• ????????????????????,????????,????????????????????
  ????
• EOS?VCAT??LCAS???????SONET????????????????

26
EOS Used as a Transport Service

• EOS?????????,?????????,????????????
• ???????????????????
• ?2-7 ,??????????????CO?XC,??XC??TDM????,??????????
  ?????????????????????????,???????????ISP??????????
  ????????????
• ????????????VLAN?????(XC)???????,????????Gigabit?1
  0 Gigabit?????????????????,???????????????

27
(No Transcript)
28
EOS????????

• ?2-8???XC??????EOS??,????????????????????????
• ??,XC?????????????????????????EOS???
• ????
• ??????XC???????????????VLAN ID??????????
• ???????????????????????XC??,???EOS????????????????
  ??????

29
(No Transcript)
30
EOS??????????

• ???Switch???????,??????????????????TDM??????????
• ?2.9?????50?????????,?????????STS-1(DS3)??,?20????
  ??????????TDM ????????TDM???1000???50?

31
????????

• ?????
• ???????CO????TDM?????????CO???,?????????????
• ????
• ????????????????????CO??,TDM???????????????????

32
???????EOS ??

• ??????,??????????SONET / SDH payload????????????
  ???????????????
• ??????????EOS??,??VCAT??????????,??????????????TDM
  ?????

33
Resilient Packet Ring (RPR)

• ??????????(MAC)?????,??????????????,?????????
• ?2-14???CMTS???????????,????RPR??????RPR?????OC-48
  ????????,??????????HUB?,?????????

34
Resilient Packet Ring (RPR)
35
RPR Packet Add, Drop, and Forward

• RPR????????802.3 MAC ???,?????????????????????????
  ????????,RPR 802.17 MAC???????,???????????????????
  ??????????????????????
• RPR?????2-15??,??????????802.17 MAC
  ???????????802.3MAC???,???????????????????????????
  ??
• ?SONET/SDH??RPR????????????????????,??RPR?????????
  ???????hot spots??SONET/SDH??,TDM
  ??????????,??????????,????????(???????)?

36
(No Transcript)
37
RPR Resiliency

• RPR?50?????????
• RPR???????
• ????-??????????(patched)
• ????-????????,???????????????????
• ????,???????????MAC?????????????????,??????RPR????
  ????????????????????????,?????????????????????????
  ???????50??????

38

• ?2-16?????RPR?SONET/SDH????SONET/SDH?????????,50??
  ??????????????????????????????????????????,???????
  ?????????????????,??50?????????
• ?????????(UPSR)?,??50???????????,???????????????
• ?RPR?,????-???????,?????100???????????????,??????
  ?,????????????RPR????????SONET/SDH????

39

• ?2-16??SONET/SDH?RPR????
• RPR??????SONET/SDH?????

40
RPR Fairness

• Global access control-????????????????????????????
  ??
• Local access control-??????????-???????????-??????
  ????? ?

41

• ?2-7???????????SONET/SDH UPSR?RPR???L2 ??????
• ?SONET/SDH????,???????STS-1,??????STS-1???,???????
  ???????????,???A?C???B?C???????SW2?SW3????????????
  ????RPR????,???????MAC????????????????????????????
  ??????????,?????????????????(throttle)???

42

• ?2-17??3?SONET/SDH UPSR, RPR?L2 Ethernet ???????

43
???????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?
• ?????????????,?????????????hub-and-spoke(??)????

44
Gigabit????Hub-and-Spoke??

• ???Gigabit????Hub-and-Spoke???,???????????????????
  ????????(point of presencePOP)?CO??????
• ??????,????????????????????CO????????????????,????
  ????,?????????????????????????????????CO??????????
  ???????2-18???1?CO??????

45

• ??????????????CO???????,??2-18???2?3??????????????
  ???,???????????,??STP???????CO????,???????????????
  ?????(blocked)?

46
Gigabit????Hub-and-spoke??

• ?2-18???2Fiber?????,????Fiber
  ??,?????????

47

• ???????????????????????,????????????
• ???????????????,Gigabit?????????????????CO????????
  ???,??2-19???
• Gigabit ??????1GB?????????????,???????????????????
  ???????????

48
??Gigabit????
49

• ??????L2??????,?????????????????????????,?????????
  ??????????????????2-20 PART A??
• ??,??????????????????????????????????802.3d???????
  ??,????????????????????(?????),???????????????????
  ?
• ????????????????bridge protocol data units(BPDUs)
  ????????????????????30?60???(converge)?
• ??????????,???????,?????????????????,??2-20PART
  B???

50
??Gigabit????
51

• ??10-Gigabit??????????????,??10GE?????????????????
  ??
• ???10-GE????????????????????????10-GE?????????????
  ??????????,10-GE?????????????
• ????,????WDM,?????????????????????????????????????
  ??,??????????????????

52
????
53
Section Overhead SONET

• STS-1?????????????9 bytes,??synchronization and
  section overhead ???
• A1 ? A2????? 0xF628???? 1111 0110 0010
  1000.?????????????
• A1, A2???????
• C1 STS-1 ID, ????STS-1?
• B1 ???????
• E1 ?? 64-Kbps ???????
• ???STS-N???, E1??????STS-1,??N-1 E1s?????
• F1 ?section???
• D1 to D3 ?STEs?????192-Kbps?????.
• ????????????????,????????
• ??? STS-N???,???????????STS-1??? N-1 E1s ????

54
STS-1 section overhead
55
Line Overhead SONET

• ???????4-9??
• H1, H2 ?????????SPE????????
• H3 ??????????????
• ????????????????????Payload?
• BIP-8 ???????
• ?STS-1?,??????scrambling??????????
  ,????????scrambling ?????B2?
• K1, K2 ?? automatic protection switching.
• In STS-N, this is defined for 1 only.

56
STS-1 line overhead
57
Line Overhead SONET

• D4 to D12 ?LTE????? 576-Kbps????,??
• ??
• ??
• ??
• ??
• ??
• ??????
• ? STS-N???? 1
• Z1, Z2 not defined except in STS-N for 3, in
  which Z2 is only defined as line far-end block
  error ( FEBE ).
• E2 an express 64-Kbps communications channel
  between LTE
• In STS-N, this is defined for 1 only

58
Path Overhead

• SPE???? ( 9 bytes )
• Path bytes???????
• J1 the trace byte , is user programmable
• ????PTE?? 64???? J1 bytes?????? PTE?????
• Default 0x00
• BIP-8 or B3 ?????
• C2 ??SPE???? ??????ATM?
• G1 path status to the originating PTE from the
  destination PTE.
• F2 ???????????
• H5 multiframe, is used as an end-to-end
  generalized multiframe indicator for payloads.
• Z3, Z4, Z5 ??????,????????,???????

59
SONET STS-1 path overhead
60
SDH VC-3/4 path overhead
61
Performance Monitoring

• NE gathers PM from the values of
• Section BIP ( B1 )
• Line BIP ( B2 )
• STS path BIP ( B3 )
• VT path BIP ( bits 1 and 2 of V5 BIP 2 )
• PM ?????????????????
• Information related to
• The current period
• The previous period
• The recent period
• Threshold value
• Two types of registers
• Current-second register ( CSR ) ???????????????
• Current-period register ( CPR )
  ?????????CSR???????????

62
SONET/SDH Performance Monitoring

• Performance monitoring ( PM ) ????????????????.
• Difference between SONET and SDH PM philosophy
• SDH PM is based on counting erroneous blocks
  within a period of a second.
• SONET based on counting code violations within
  a period of a second.
• SONET PM functions
• ???????( degradation)
• ?????????
• ????????

63
PM at the Physical Layer

• ????????????
• Laser bias current ( LBC ) LBCnormal
  LBC/LBCo, where LBCo is the initial/nominal value
  provided by the NE supplier
• Optical power transmitted ( OPT ) OPTnormal
  OPT/OPTo, where OPTo is the initial/nominal value
  provided by the NE supplier.
• Optical power received ( OPR ) OPRnormal
  OPR/OPRo, where OPRo is the initial/nominal value
  provided by the NE supplier.

64
PM at the Section Layer

• Severely erroneous framing seconds ( SEFS-Ss )
  SEF???????????
• Coding violations ( CV-Ss ) ?section?????BIP????
  (?? B1 byte ).
• Erroneous seconds ( ES-Ss ) ??????????
• ????section??BIP??????,?
• an SEF or
• LOS ????
• Severely erroneous seconds ( SES-Ss ) ??????????
  
• K ???section? BIP???????
• an SEF or
• LOS????

65
PM at the Line Layer

• Line??????????? (Near End NE )??? (Far End FE
  )
• ???????????
• NE line coding violations ( CV-Ls ) ?line
  layer????BIP????.
• NE line erroneous seconds ( ES-Ls ) ????line
  layer BIP????????? AIS-L???????????
• NE line severely erroneous seconds ( SES-Ls )
  K???line layer BIP?????????AIS-L???????????

66
PM at the Line Layer

• FE line erroneous seconds ( ES-LFEs ) ?????line
  BIP?????REI-L?FE LTE???RDI-L???????????
• FE line unavailable seconds ( UAS-LFE )
  line?FE???????????
• FE line failure counts ( FC-LFEs ) FE
  line?????????
• ?????????RFI-L ?????????RFI-L ??????

67
PM at the Line Layer

• NE line unavailable seconds ( UAS-Ls )
  line?????????????
• NE line failure counts ( FC-L ) ????????????
• ?????AIS-L???????AIS-L??????
• Protection switching count ( PSC ) relates to
  systems that are equipped with two switching
  fabrics, the working and the protection
• For working line a count of the times that
  service switched from the monitored line to the
  protection line the times it switched back to
  the working line.
• For protection line a count of the times that
  service switched from any working line to the
  protection line the times it switched back to
  the working line.

68
PM at the Line Layer

• Protection switching duration ( PSD ) ?????
• For working line a count in seconds that
  indicates the duration of time service was
  carried on the protection line.
• For protection line a count in seconds that
  indicates the duration of time the protection
  line was used to carry service.
• STS pointer justification ( STS-PJ ) a count of
  the STS pointer adjustments created or absorbed
  by an NE due to differences in the frame rates of
  incoming and outgoing SONET signals.
• The STS-PJ parameter is accumulated for a
  non-terminated STS path.
• For the far-end line layer performance parameters
  are
• FE line coding violations ( CV-LFEs ) a count
  of BIP errors detected by the FE LTE and reported
  back to the NE LTE using the REI-L in the line OH.

69
PM STS Path Layer

• STS???????????STS?VT?
• ????????????
• ??STS?????????
• NE STS path coding violations ( CV-Ps )
  ?STS???????BIP??????
• NE STS path erroneous seconds ( ES-Ps ) ????STS
  path BIP???????AIS-P????????
• NE STS path severely erroneous seconds ( SES-Ps )
  K ???STS??BIP???????AIS-P? LOP-P ???????.
• NE STS path unavailable seconds ( UAS-P )
  STS????????????
• NE STS path failure counts ( FC-Ps )
  ??STS????????????
• ???????AIS-P?LOP-P???????????