First Presentation of Research

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First Presentation of Research
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Goals and scope of this presentation

• To share my research topic with you
• Zero step of the research
• Practice for final presentation
• dont worry its has no worth regarding to exam

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Outline of this presentation

• History of cognitive radio
• Evolution of cognitive radio ( SDR)
• Basic concept of adaptive and cognitive radio
• Primary objective
• Tasks of a Human Mind
• The Motivation behind Cognitive Radio
• Cognitive Radio Networks
• Major Functional Blocks Constituting a Cognitive
  Radio
• Architecture of a cognitive radio
• Comparison with non-cognitive
• Standard
• Future
• Issues
• Concluding Remarks

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History of cognitive radio

• Joe Mitola of Mitre Corporation and Wayne Bonser
  of Air Force Research Labs were the visionaries
• It is feasible for a radio to become aware of its
  user, aware of its network (choices and
  features), and aware of its spectral environment.
• In fact, it could then be adaptive, and
  ultimately could have the software to learn
  various adaptations to its current environment
  that are desirable support to the user, network,
  operators, spectrum owners, and regulators.
• Dr. Mitola introduced the terms adaptive, and
  ideal Cognitive Radio (iCR) to reflect the
  different levels of cognitive capability.

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Evolution of cognitive radio

• We refer to a transceiver as a software radio
  (SR) if its communication functions are realized
  as programs running on a suitable processor.
  Based on the same hardware, different
  transmitter/receiver algorithms, which usually
  describe transmission standards, are implemented
  in software. An SR transceiver comprises all the
  layers of a communication system.
• According to its operational area an SDR can be
• (i) a multi-band system which is supporting more
  than one frequency band used by a wireless
  standard (e.g., GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900),

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Evolution of cognitive radio (contd)

• (ii) a multi-standard system that is supporting
  more than one standard. Multi-standard systems
  can work within one standard family (e.g.,
  UTRA-FDD, UTRA-TDD for UMTS) or across different
  networks (e.g., DECT, GSM, UMTS,WLAN),
• (iii) a multi-service system which provides
  different services (e.g., telephony, data, video
  streaming)
• (iv) a multi-channel system that supports two or
  more independent transmission and reception
  channels at the same time.

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Basic concept of adaptive and cognitive radio

• the cognitive meaning which is related to
  thinking, reasoning and remembering
• is a smart radio that has the ability to sense
  the external environment, learn from the history,
  and make intelligent decisions to adjust its
  transmission parameters according to the current
  state of the environment.
• An essential part of the cognitive process is the
  capability to learn from past decisions and use
  this learning to influence future behavior.
• It is important to remark that a CR is not what
  in the literature is called adaptative radio. A
  CR can not only adapt to the best spectrum
  settings but also store past data, learn, and
  positively evolve. Indeed, adaptation is a subset
  of CR characteristics, and an adaptative radio is
  not necessarily cognitive at all.

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Cognitive Radio Concept

• Cognitive radio is an emerging concept in
  wireless access, aimed at improving the way radio
  spectrum is utilized.
• The principle of cognitive radio is temporal,
  spatial and geographic re-use of licensed
  spectrum.
• The idea is that an unlicensed (secondary) user
  shall be permitted to use licensed spectrum,
  provided that it transmits with low enough power
  and that it is so far from any primary users that
  it does not interfere with.
• Cognitive radios should be able to exploit
  spectrum holes by detecting them and using them
  in an opportunistic manner.
• Cognitive radios could be permitted to transmit
  if they cannot hear'' any primary transmission
  transmit-if-you-cannot-hear-primary' paradigm
  Spectrum Etiquette (Listen before talk) is used.

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Types of cognitive radio

• Depending on the set of parameters such as
  transmission and reception changes, and for
  historical reasons, cognitive radio can have two
  types
• Full Cognitive Radio ("Mitola radio") in which
  every possible parameter observable by a wireless
  node or network is taken into account.
• Spectrum Sensing Cognitive Radio in which only
  the RF spectrum is considered.
• Also, depending on the parts of the spectrum
  available for cognitive radio,
• Licensed Band Cognitive Radio in which cognitive
  radio is capable of using bands assigned to
  licensed users. The IEEE 802.22 working group is
  developing a standard for wireless regional area
  network (WRAN) which will operate in unused
  television channels.
• Unlicensed Band Cognitive Radio which can only
  utilize unlicensed radio frequency spectrum ,
  such as UNII band or ISM band.

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Main functions

• The main functions of Cognitive Radios are
• Spectrum Sensing detecting the unused spectrum
  and sharing it without harmful interference with
  other users.Spectrum sensing techniques can be
  classified into three categories
• Transmitter detection cognitive radios must have
  the capability to determine if a signal from a
  primary transmitter is locally present in a
  certain spectrum. There are several approaches
  proposed
• matched filter detection
• energy detection
• Cyclostationary feature detection
• Cooperative detection refers to spectrum sensing
  methods where information from multiple Cognitive
  radio users are incorporated for primary user
  detection.
• Interference based detection.

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Main functions

• Spectrum Management Cognitive radios should
  decide on the best spectrum band to meet the
  Quality of service requirements over all
  available spectrum bands, therefore spectrum
  management functions are required for Cognitive
  radios. These management functions can be
  classified as
• spectrum analysis
• spectrum decision
• Spectrum Mobility when a cognitive radio user
  exchanges its frequency of operation. Cognitive
  radio networks target to use the spectrum in a
  dynamic manner by allowing the radio terminals to
  operate in the best available frequency band,
  maintaining seamless communication requirements
  during the transition to better spectrum.
• Spectrum Sharing providing the fair spectrum
  scheduling method. One of the major challenges in
  open spectrum usage is the spectrum sharing. It
  can be regarded to be similar to generic media
  access control MAC problems in existing systems

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Primary objectives of Cognitive Radio Networks

• 1. To facilitate efficient utilization of the
  radio spectrum in a fair-minded way.
• 2. To provide highly reliable communication for
  all users of the network.

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Tasks of a Human Mind
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Tasks of a Human Mind

• to perceive the world
• to learn, to remember, and to control actions
• to think and create new ideas
• to control communication with others
• to create the experience of feelings, intentions,
• and self-awareness.
• Johnson-Laird, a prominent psychologist and
  linguist, went on to argue that
• THEORIES OF THE MIND SHOULD BE MODELLED IN
  COMPUTATIONAL TERMS.

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Motivation Behind Cognitive Radio

• Significant underutilization of the radio
  spectrum
• Basically Cognitive Radio solves the spectrum
  underutilization problem in a tightly
  inter-coupled pair of ways
• (i) Sense the radio environment to detect
  spectrum holes in terms of both time and
  location.
• (ii) Control employment of the spectrum holes by
  secondary users efficiently, subject to the
  constraint
• The total power in each spectrum hole does not
  exceed a prescribed limit.

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Continue.

• The overall goal of any technology is to meet
  some needs in best way and possible for the least
  cost
• a cognitive network should provide, over an
  extended period of time, better end-to-end
  facilities such as resource management, Quality
  of Service (QoS), security, access control, or
  throughput.
• Cognitive network costs are measured in terms of
  communications and processing overhead,
  architecture roll-out and maintenance expenses,
  and operational complexity.

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Continue.

• Spectrum is the lifeblood of communication
  systems.
• The telecommunications industry is now a 1
  Trillion dollars per year industry and the
  wireless part is growing very rapidly, while the
  wired telecommunication services are experiencing
  a relatively flat business.
• in many rural areas, a single broadcast TV source
  may be nearly 100 miles away and there is little
  or no local TV service there are significant
  opportunities to provide internet and
  telecommunication services using this
  under-utilized spectrum.

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Cognitive Radio Networks

• is a network made up of CRs by extending the
  radio link features to network layer function and
  above. By means of CRs cooperation, the network
  is able to sense its environment, learn from the
  history, and accordingly decide the best spectrum
  settings

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A Simple Example
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Major Functional Blocks of Cognitive Radio
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Simple scenario
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Architecture of a cognitive radio.
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The cognitive network framework
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User/Application/Resource Requirements

• The top-level component of the cognitive network
  framework includes the
• end-to-end goals, Cognitive Specification
  Language (CSL) and cognitive element goals.
• Without end-to-end goals guiding network
  behavior, undesired consequences may arise.

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2-cognitive process

• The cognitive process consists of three cognitive
  elements that distribute the operation of the
  cognitive process both functionally and
  spatially
• Power Control- adjusts the PHY transmission power
• Direction Control- adjusts the MAC spatial
  operation
• Routing Control- adjusts the network layers
  routing functionality

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3-Software Adaptable Network

• The SAN consists of the Application Programming
  Interface (API), modifiable network elements, and
  network status sensors.
• Another responsibility of the SAN is to notify
  the cognitive process of the status of the
  network (to what level and detail is a function
  of the filtering and abstraction being applied).
• Possible observations may be local, such as bit
  error rate, battery life or data rate, non-local,
  such as end-to-end delay and clique size, or
  compilations of different
• local observations.

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Logical diagram contrasting traditional radio,
software radio, and cognitive radio
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Cognitive radio (CR) versus intelligent antenna
(IA)
Point Cognitive radio (CR) Intelligent antenna (IA)
Principal goal Open Spectrum Sharing Ambient Spatial Reuse
Interference processing Avoidance by spectrum sensing Cancellation by spatial pre/post-coding
Key cost Spectrum sensing and multi-band RF Multiple or cooperative antenna arrays
Challenging algorithm Spectrum management tech Intelligent spatial beamforming/coding tech
Applied techniques Cognitive Software Radio Generalized Dirty-Paper and Wyner-Ziv coding
Basement approach Orthogonal modulation Cellular based smaller cell
Competitive technology Ultra wideband for the higher band utilization Multi-sectoring (3, 6, 9, so on) for higher spatial reuse
Summary Cognitive spectrum sharing technology Intelligent spectrum reuse technology
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Standard

• Two main accepted characteristics
• Cognitive capability, which refers to sense the
  information from its radio environment and
  identify the best and more appropriate spectrum
  and operating parameters and
• Reconfigurability that enables the
• radio components to be dynamically programmed
  according to cognitive decisions.

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Future ?

• Intelligent systems.
• Higher computational capability.
• More flexibility.
• Harvesting more and more radio spectrum (reusing
  them temporally and spatially).
• Digital dividend.
• More standards to come.

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Open issues

• Regulatory
• Test Procedures
• Protocols
• Interoperability
• Coexistence and cooperation
• Medium Access Control
• Security

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Concluding Remarks
The Study of Cognitive Radio Systems will be
one of the most influential scientific endeavors
in the 21st century Computer Thinking will be
the Driving Force Cognitive Radio is already
being considered as the candidate for the 5th
Generation of Wireless communications.
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Thank you!!!!