Food contamination and Control

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??? ????????

• Food contamination and Control

??????????? ? ?
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Food contamination
??????????
??????,?????????????? ?????????(?????????????)
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1956???????,??????????
???????, ????????????
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(No Transcript)
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???????? 1.?????????? 2.???????????
3.????????????? 4.???????????????
Mad Cow Disease
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????(food contamination)
Food contamination refers to the presence in food
of harmful chemicals and microorganisms which can
cause consumer illness
????????,?????????????,????????????/????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????,???
?????????????,????????????????????????
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????????
??? (pathogenic bacteria) ????? (parasites)
????? (pest) ?? (viruses) ?????
(Genetically modified food)
????? ( Biological pollution)
????? (Chemical pollution)
??(pesticides), ???(heavy metal)
????? (radioactive contamination), ?? ( foreign
objects)
????? (Physical pollution)
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???????Source of food contamination

• (1)??????????? (natural toxin)
• (2)????? (environment contamination)
• (3)??????? (inadequate food additives )
• (4)??????? (incorrect labeling and packaging)
• (5)?????????????????????????????????
• (food processing storage transportation and
  cooking)
• (6)???? (falsify)

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????????? (hazard)
(1)????????? (2)???????? (3)??????????
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??? ???????????? Food micro-organism and control
????????

• ????????,???????????????????????????????,?????????
  ????
• ????????,?????????,???????????????
• ????????,?????????????????,?????????,?????????????
  ??????????

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????????????
??
????
? ?
?? ??
?
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??????????
???????????????????????,?????????????????????????
,????????
??????????????????????????????,??????????????????
?????????????,????????
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?????????????
(?)?????

• ???(bound water)
• ??????????????????????,?????????????????????
  ????,????????????,?????????????
• ???(free water)
• ????????????????????????,???????????,?????????,
  ??????????????????????????(),?????????(water
  activity,Aw)?

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Water activity or Aw is a measurement of the
energy status of the water in a system. It is
defined as the vapor pressure of water above a
sample divided by that of pure water at the same
temperature therefore, pure distilled water has
a water activity of exactly one.
definition

• Aw????????????,???????,????????P????????????P0??
  ?,
• ?Aw P/P0
• For example, if honey (aw 0.6) is exposed to
  humid air (aw 0.7) the honey will absorb water
  from the air

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???????????(??????????),???????????????(????????)
,????????P????????????P0???
Aw?????????? (equilibrium relative
humidity,ERH)??, ?Aw ERH/100?
ERH????????,?????????(????????)?????????
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• ??Aw???????????????????,??????????????Aw?
  0.86,????????????????????????,????23,???16,???63
  ?

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(?) ??
????????????,??? ???(psychrophiles),
0??0??? ????(mesophiles) 1545 ?,????37
? ????(thermophiles) 4575 ?
(?) ??
???????,?????????
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?????????

• (?)???????
• 1.?????????? ???????
• 2.?????????? ??????
• 3. ???????? ???????
• 4. ?????? ????????
• 5. ???????? ??????
• 6.  ??? ????
• 7. ???? ???????? 

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(?)?????????????????

• ??????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????

????????????????????????????
?????????
?????????????????????????????????????? ??????????
???? ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????
??????,????????????????? ????????????????????? ?
???????????????????
????????????????,????????????
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(?)????????????????????????
1.????????????????

• ????(total number of bacteria)
• ????(conliform group)
• ??? (disease-causing bacteria)

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1.1 ????(total number of bacteria)

• ???????????(g)???(ml)????(cm2)?,????????????(??
  ???pH???????????????)????????????,???????(colony
  forming unit,cfu)????????????????????

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• ??????????????
• A.???????????????????
• B.?????????????????????????????(????)????
• ?? ????(?/ cm2 ) ????(?)
• ??1 103/cm2 12
• ??2 105/cm2 6

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2.????(conliform group)

• ??????????????????,?35-37????,?????,????????????
  ???,??????????,???????,??????????????????

???????
1.????????????????? 2.???????????????
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• ????????????(maximum probable number,
  MPN)????100??100????????????????,MPN?????????????
  ????????????????????????????,???????????????????
  ????????,????????????,?????MPN?????????

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?? ?????????? ???????

• Mold and Mycotoxin contaminant and control in
  food

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• (?)?????????
• 1.??????????

??(true fungi)???????,?????,????????????,?????????
??,??????????????
??????????????????????????
????(mycotoxin)???????????????????????????????????
???????????????????,????????????????
???????????????,
????????DNA???,
??DNA?????????,
??????,????????
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2.???????
(1)???????? (2)???????????????????? (3)???????????
??????????? (4)????????????????
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3.???????

• (1)??????,????????????????,??????????????????????
  ??
• (2)?????????????????????????
• (3)???????????,???????????
• (4)????????????????????????????????????25?30?,?0
  ????30????,????????????
• (5)????????????????????,????????????????????CO2?

?????????????????,?????????????????,??????????????
?
?????1718?????????????????,??????14??,
????11??,???????30??,?????????? ??Aw??0.7??,????
??????

• ?????80???,????????(?????????????)??
• ?????8090?,????????(?????????????)??
• ?????90???,????????(??????)???
• ??????70????????????,????????

• ?????????????????????????,????????0??-7?-2?
• ??????????????????????25?40??

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4.?????????????

• 1)????????????????,??????????????????????,???????
  ?????????????????
• ???(Aspergillus flavus)
• ???(A.ochraceus)
• ????(A.versicolor)
• ???(A.fumigatus)
• ????(A.nidulans)
• ????(A.parasiticus)

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4.?????????????

• 2)??????????,????,???????????????????????????,???
  ????????????,?????????????????????,???????????????
  ,
• ???(Penicillium islandicum)
• ???(P.citrinum)
• ????(P.citreoviride)
• ????(P.expansum)
• ????(P.cyclopium)
• ????(P.rugulosum)
• ????(P.urticae)??

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4.?????????????

• 3)???????????????,????????????,??????,??
• ?????(Fusarium poae)
• ??????(F.sporotrichioides)
• ?????(F.tricinctum)
• ?????(F.nivale)
• ?????(F.roseum)
• ?????(F.graminearum)??
• 4)?????????(Trichoderma viride)?????(Myrothecium
  toda)????????(Stachybotus corda)??

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5.???????????????
(1)??????????
???????
??????
????????
???????
??????, ????????
??????
????? ????????
?????
?????
????
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5.???????????????
(2)??????????
?????
?????? ????
?????????? ????
????, ????, ?????
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(?)?????(aflatoxin, AF )

• AF ????????
• ???????????
• ?????????
• AF ???
• AF?????

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AF ????????????????
1. AF ?????
????????(?????)
?????????
?????? (AFB1?????100? )
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AF?????

• 1) ????,????,??????
• ????????,???,??
• 2) ???????,?????
• 3) ?? 280???
• 4) ????????????????
• ??,????

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2.???????????
????

• ?????????????12?42?,
• ???????25?33?,??Aw??0.930.98?
• ???????18.5?????????????,?3d????AF,?10d????????
  ,????????
• AF?????,????????????
• ???????????????
• ?????????,?????????
• ?????,??????????????

?????
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3.?????????

• AFB1???????????????????????
• AF??????AFM1?????????,???????????CO2???

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4.??

• (1)????
• AFB1???????????,??????????
• LD500.24mg/Kg,12µg/??
• ????????

AFB1??????LD50
?? LD50 ??
AFB1 0.335 1
666 300 1360
DDT 200 630
CDT 59 201
As2O3 30 63
KCN 3 10
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(2)????

• ???????????,??,????,???????????????
• ??????????,ATP ,?????,?????
• ??????????,????,???????,? ?????????

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(3)???

• ?????????????????????????????75??
• ???????????
• ???
• ???
• ??????

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5.????
(1)????

• ?????,?????????
• A ????,???????
• B ?????? ??????? lt13 ,
• ??lt12.5,??8
• ??Tlt10? ??gt70
• ??????N2,CO2
• C ????????

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(2)????
????
????????????????????

• ??????
• ??????
• ??????
• ?????????
• ?????????????????????
• ??????
• ??????
• ??????

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????

• (3)?????AF???????
• ?????????? lt20ppb
• ???????? lt10ppb
• ???????????? lt5ppb
• ?????????

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(?)?????

• ???????
• ?????????
• ??????
• ?????
• ?????

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1. ?????????

• 1)??????????
• 2)?????
• ????????
• ??????C-12,C-13???
• 3)?????????????
• ?????????????????
• 4)????
• ????????????????????????,?????????,?????,???????
  ???

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??????????????????

• A.T-2??
• ???????????????
• ??????????????????,???????????????????????????,
  ???WBC???????????????
• ??????????
• ?????????????????

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• B.??????????
• ???T-2???????,????????????,??????????

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C. ?????????( deoxynivalenol,DON)

• ??????,
• ?????????????
• ???????????????
• ????????
• ?????????????
• ????????

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D.?????????????X

• B???,
• ???????????????,??????????,?????????

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• 2.??????
• ??????
• ???????????????
• ???????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????

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3. ?????

• ??
• ????(???????????)?
• ?????????

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4.????

• ???????????????????????
• ????????????
• ???????????
• ??????????????????????????????,????????,?????????
  ??????????????????? 

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(?)??????

• ????(Patulin, Pat)
• 1. ????????,????,???,
• ??? ??
• OH
• 2. ??
• O
• O O
  

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????(Patulin, Pat)

• 3. ????
• (1) ????????
• ????????????????????????????,???
•   (2) ??????????
• ????????????,???????????

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(3) ???????

• ???????????

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?????????

• ??????(food spoilage)??????????????????,????
  ??????????????,???????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????

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(?)????????????

• 1.??????????
• (1)????????????????????????,??????
• (2)??????????????????????????????????????????,???
  ????????
• (3)????????????????????pH??
• (4)?????
• (5)??????
• (6)??????????????????????????????????,???????????
  

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2.???

• ?????????????????????????,??????????

3.????
(1)?? (2)?? (3)??
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(?)???????????

• 1.?????????
• 2.????????
• 3.????????

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??????????
???
?????????
???
???
??????? ?????? ??
?????
???

• ?????(???????? ) ???

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?????????

• ???????????????????????????????????????
  ??????
• ????????????????????????????????

???????
?????????
???????
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• ??????????????
• ?? Cu?Fe??? ?????(??????)
• ? ???? ?????(????)
• ? ????
• ??? ???????
• ?? ???????
• ?????(?? ???)

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????????

• ????
• ?(????) ??????
• ??
• 
  ??CO2?H2O

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(?)???????????

• ????
• ????
• ????
• ?????

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(?)???????????

• ???????
• ?????????
• ????????????,????,PH??
• ???? TVBN?????????K?

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(?)???????????

• ???????(total volatile basic nitrogen,
  TVBN)?????????????????????????????
• ??????lt 15mg/100g ????
• lt25mg/100g ????
• lt26 30mg/100g ????
• gt 30mg/100g ????

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(?)???????????

• K?( K value )
• ?ATP?????????,?????ATP????????
• ??????
• K? 20 ??????
• K? 40 ????????

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(?)???????????

• ????????
• ???? ?,???
• ?????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????
• ???????????
• ?????? ??

70
(?) ???????????

• ????
• (1)??????,?????????
• (2)?????????????????
• ?,??????????,????
• (3)??????????
• (4)??????????????,?
• ???????

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?????????????

• ???????????????????????????????????????????.

?????
??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????
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(?)???????

• 1.??????? ???????10,?????????,????????6065 ??
  ?
• 2.??? ?????????pH?4.5?????????
• 3.????? ????????????????????

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(?)???????

• 1.????? ?????-1?10?????
• 2.??????? ???????-18??????
• Aw
• ???
• pH????????
• ?????

????????????
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(?)?????????
??63?,30min?????????????72?,15s. ??????????????pH
?4?????????????????????

• ????(?????)
• ????
• ???????
• ????

120? ???? 15s ???????????????,??????????????
???????,?????????????????????100?121?(?????0.2MP
a). ??D??F???????????? D?????????,????90(???????
?????)??????(min)? F?????????,?121.1?????????????
???????(min)?
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(?)?????????

• ???????????????????????,????????????????
• ????/??????????15???Aw??0.000.60??????,?????
• ??????????2550??, Aw??0.600.85?

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(?)??????

• ??????????????????????10?????(MeV)?????????,??????
  ?????????DNA?RNA???????????????????,?????????DNA??
  ,?DNA?????????????DNA?????DNA????????,????????

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1.??????????

• (1)????????????????????,
• (2)?????????????????????,
• (3)???????????????,?????,
• (4)??????????,???????,????????,
• (5)???????????,????????????,?????

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2.??????????

• ????????????
• ???????????
• ???????????
• ???????????

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(?)???????

• 1.?????(Pseudomonas)

????? ???????????,???????????,????????????????,??
????,????23mm,?????,???????,??,????
???? .??????????????,?????????,?????,?????,??????
??????,?????????????,????????
??????? ?DNA?(GC)??????5870?
Pseudomonas
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• GC ??????????2????????????
• ???4-5??????????????????
• 10-15??????????
• ?20-30????????????????? DNA-DNA????????????,
  DNA????70????????.

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2.????(Micrococcus)??????(Staphylococcus)
???????????????,????????,??1.0um??,??????????????
,????????????,???????????,??????????????
??????????,????? ??,??5NaCl????????2537?????????
?????,?????????DNA?GC mol?6475(Tm,Bd)?
??????,???????????,???????,???????28-38?????,?????
???37?,????????????,????,????,??,?????????????????
???,???????????? ???????????????????,?????????????
?????????????????????

• ?????????,??0.52.0µm,????????????,??????????
  ??????,????,????,?????

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3.?????(Bacillus)????????(Clostridium)
???????,?????????,?????????????,??????,????????,
????????????????????DNA(GC)??????5163?
???????(Clostridium)
?????(Bacillus)
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4.????(Enterobacteriaceae)
?????????????????,???????,??????,?????????????????
??????????????,??????????? ??????????????,????????
? ????????????????????
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5.???(Vibrio)?????(Flavobacterium)

• ?????????????????,????,?????????,?????5????
  ?,??????????????????????????????,?????????????????
  ????????DNA?(GC)??????3851?

???(Vibrio)
????(Flavobacterium)
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6.?????(Halobacterium)?????(Halococcus)

• ??????????,??,??????(???12)???,?????,???????
  ?????????????????????,???????

????(Halococcus)
?????(Halobacterium)
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7.????(Lactobacillus)

• ??????????,???????????????,??????,???????,????
  ???????????????????????,??????????????