RIDDLE:

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RIDDLE

• I am a vessel and a stone, When I am hot my
  temper is known, I have my own money as well as
  a bank, If I take a bath the devil you can
  thank, I have no mercy when I am cold, If I am
  bad ill will shall unfold, I can be thirsty and
  have shot many eyes, In the dead of night as the
  curdling hound cries. What am I?
• Answer Blood

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What is the Significance of Blood?

• Blood literally supplies the very materials that
  maintain life. Flowing through the arteries and
  veins, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the
  body and returns waste materials to be expelled
  from the body.

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BLOOD

• Before it flows through our veins and arteries,
  blood must be created.
• How does this happen and what is in our blood?

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What is Blood?

• Blood is a mixture of cells and watery liquid,
  called plasma that the cells float in.
• It also contains other things like nutrients
  (such as sugar), hormones, clotting agents, and
  waste products to be flushed out of the body.

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PLASMA

• Is a clear, straw-colored liquid that carries the
  blood cells and various hormones, nutrients, and
  so on through the body
• It makes up a little more than half of the total
  blood volume.
• Plasma is about 90 percent water.

• The rest comprises various kinds of protein
  molecules, including enzymes, clotting agents,
  immunoglobulin (part of the immune system), and
  proteins that carry hormones, vitamins,
  cholesterol, and other things the body needs.
• Plasma also contains sugar (glucose) and
  electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium,

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3 Kinds of Cells in the Blood

• 1. Red blood cells (RBC) carry oxygen from the
  lungs throughout the body
• 2. White blood cells help fight infection
  (immune response)
• 3. Platelets help in clotting

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RED BLOOD CELLS

• Also called erythrocytes
• Most numerous
• making up 40-45 percent of one's blood
• Shaped like tiny doughnuts with an indentation in
  the center instead of a hole

• Contains a special molecule called hemoglobin
• Carries the oxygen
• The hemoglobin molecules loosely bind with oxygen
• Each hemoglobin molecule carries four molecules
  of oxygen.
• What makes blood red?
• The iron in hemoglobin

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WHITE BLOOD CELLS

• Also called leukocytes
• The body's mobile warriors in the battle against
  infection and invasion.
• There are three types of white blood cell
  granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes.

White Blood Cell
Blood Vessel Wall
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PLATELETS

• Also called thrombocytes help blood to clot
• In their "resting" state, platelets look like two
  plates stuck together
• When "activated" and helping to form a clot, they
  change shape and look like tiny roundish blobs
  with tentacles.
• Smallest kind of blood cell.

Resting Platelets
Activated Platelets
RBC
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CLOTTING

• Bleeding occurs platelets clump together to help
  form a clot.
• Also, when they are exposed to air, platelets
  start breaking down and release a substance into
  the bloodstream.
• This substance starts a chain of chemical events
  that eventually causes a protein in the blood, to
  turn into a different substance, which forms long
  threads. These threads tangle up red blood cells
  to help form a clot, or scab, over the wound.

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BLOOD CLOTS

• A scab is an external blood clot that we can
  easily see
• Internal blood clots
• A bruise
• Both scabs and bruises are clots that lead to
  healing
• Some clots can be extremely dangerous

• A blood clot that forms inside of a blood vessel
  can be deadly because it blocks the flow of
  blood, cutting off the supply of oxygen.
• A stroke is the result of a clot in an artery of
  the brain.
• If the oxygen flow is broken, paralysis, brain
  damage, loss of sensory perceptions, or even
  death may occur.

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How is Blood Produced?

• Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow
• Bone marrow is a jellylike substance inside the
  bones that is composed of, among other things,
  fat, blood, and special cells that turn into the
  various kinds of blood cells.
• In children, the marrow of most of the bones
  produces blood.
• But in adults, only the marrow of certain bones
  -- the spine, ribs, pelvis, and some others --
  continues to make blood.

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How is Blood Produced?

• As the blood cells develop from the stem cells in
  the marrow, they seep into the blood that passes
  through the bones and on into the bloodstream.
• Blood cells "life spans
• Red blood cells last about 120 days
• Platelets about 10 days
• White blood cells can last anywhere from days to
  years.
• The body has a feedback system that tells it when
  to make new red blood cells.
• If bodily oxygen levels are low (as they would be
  if there are too few red blood cells
  circulating), the kidneys produce a hormone
  called erythropoietin, which stimulates the stem
  cells in the marrow to produce more red blood
  cells

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BLOOD TYPES

• Blood transfusions were not possible until Karl
  Landsteiner first identified in 1901 the major
  human blood groups
• O, A, B, and AB -- in a series of experiments
• The ABO blood groups are defined by specific
  inherited molecules, or antigens, that are
  present on the surface of red blood cells.
• One inherits either A or B antigens (group A or
  B), both A and B antigens (group AB), or neither
  antigen (group O).
• a person develops a natural immunity, or
  antibody, in their plasma to the ABO antigens
  that are absent on their own red cells.
• Type A person has anti-B antibodies, and group O
  person has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

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Blood Types

• The most common blood types in the U.S. are A
  and O -- about 72 percent of the population has
  one or the other. AB- is the rarest blood type (1
  percent of the population).
• What blood type is called the universal donor?
• O- blood group
• The red blood cells of a universal blood donor
  may be transfused to anyone regardless of their
  blood type.
• Why is type O blood considered the universal
  donor?
• Because type O blood does not have any antigens
  on the cells surface.

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Frequency of Blood Types Frequency of Blood Types
O 1 person in 3
O- 1 person in 15 
A 1 person in 3
A- 1 person in 16
B 1 person in 12
B- 1 person in 67
AB 1 person in 29 
AB- 1 person in 167 
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Blood Transfusions

• What would happen if type A blood is mistakenly
  transfused to a group O recipient?
• the anti-A antibody in the recipient's plasma
  destroys the transfused group A cells and a
  serious transfusion reaction occurs.
• Why?
• Because group O has anti-A as well as anti-B
  antibodies, group O recipients can only accept
  blood from group O donors. Conversely, group AB
  recipients can receive blood from all groups.

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Rh Factor

• The Rh factor another antigens on the red cell
  surface
• A person is defined as either Rh positive or Rh
  negative depending on the presence of the primary
  Rh antigen on the red cell.
• A person only develops anti-Rh after exposure to
  Rh-positive red cells through transfusion or
  pregnancy.
• Modern blood-banking technology uses highly
  sensitive tests to properly identify and match
  blood between donor and recipient.

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Examples of Blood Use Average Of Units Required
Automobile Accident 50 units of blood
Heart Surgery 6 units of blood6 units of platelets
Organ Transplant 40 units of blood30 units of platelets20 bags of cryoprecipitate25 units of fresh frozen plasma
Bone Marrow Transplant 120 units of platelets20 units of blood
Burn 20 units of platelets
NOTE One unit of blood is roughly the equivalent
of one pint. On average an adult has
approximately seven to nine units of blood.
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Sickle Cell Anemia

• Symptoms Abdominal pain, frequent infections,
  low red cell count, many serious complications
• Shape of red cells changes and causes O2 stress.
  Cells become sharp and sticky clogging
  capillaries and break apart

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Malaria

• Caused by infection though mosquito bite by
  Plasmodium single celled organisms that feeds on
  the hemoglobin protein in
• RBC.
• If the RBC is sickled then the parasite starves
  to death and dies.
• Plasmodium must live in both species to complete
  its life cycle.

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