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Understanding Cancer

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Title: Understanding Cancer Author: OIT Last modified by: Yyrus Created Date: 12/5/2002 8:51:43 PM Document presentation format: On-screen Show (4:3) – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Understanding Cancer


1
Understanding Cancer
ucan
Utah Cancer Action Network
2
What Is Cancer?
  • Cancer is a large group of diseases (over 200)
    characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread
    of abnormal cells.

American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts and
Figures 2005
3
Normal Cells Vs. Cancer Cells
  • Cancer cells
  • Lose control over growth and multiplication
  • Do not self-destruct when they become worn out or
    damaged
  • Crowd out healthy cells

4
Growth of Cancer Cells
  • Cancer cells reproduce every 2-6 weeks.

2-6 weeks
  • Size of cancer cells
  • One million cancer cells head of a pin
  • One billion cancer cells a small grape
  • 230 1,073,741,824 1 billion cells

2-6 weeks
2-6 weeks
5
Signs and Symptoms of Cancer
  • Change in bowel habits or bladder functions
  • Sores that do not heal
  • Unusual bleeding or discharge
  • Lumps or thickening of breast or other parts of
    the body
  • Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
  • Recent change in wart or mole
  • Persistent coughing or hoarseness

6
Types of Cancers
  • Carcinomas (cells that cover internal and
    external body surfaces)

Leukemia (Blood Cells)
Lung
Lymphomas (Lymph nodes tissues)
Breast
Colon
Bladder
Sarcomas Cells in supportive tissues bones
muscles
Prostate (Men)
7
What Causes Cancer?
Family History
Lifestyle
Environment
8
Lifestyle Risks
  • Smoking
  • Diet high fat and low in fruits and vegetables
  • Lack of exercise
  • Unprotected exposure to the sun, (UV) rays
  • Obesity

9
Environmental Risks
  • Second hand smoke
  • Air pollution
  • Industrial pollution
  • Chemical exposures

10
Inherited Risks
  • Less than 15 of cancers are inherited
  • Gene mutations are linked to some inherited
    cancers
  • Cancers that may be caused by inherited gene
    mutations are
  • Colon cancer
  • Breast cancer
  • Ovarian
  • Prostate cancer
  • Skin cancer

11
Screening Tests and Self-exams
  • Screening tests
  • Colon
  • Breast
  • Cervical
  • Prostate
  • Self-exams
  • Testicular
  • Skin

12
Why Screening Tests?
The treatment of cancer is most successful when
the cancer is detected as early as possible,
often before symptoms occur.
13
Colon Cancer
  • Most colon cancers start as a polyp
  • Removing polyps can prevent colon cancer
  • A polyp
  • Advanced bleeding cancer

14
Colon Cancer Screening Guidelines
  • Age of 50 and older younger if there is a
    family history
  • Yearly fecal occult blood test (FOBT) or
  • Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years or
  • Yearly FOBT and sigmoidoscopy every 5 years or
  • Double-contrast barium enema every 5 years or
  • Colonoscopy every 10 years

Of the options above ACS prefers yearly FOBT and
Sigmoidoscopy every five years
15
Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines
  • Yearly mammograms starting at age 40 and
    continuing for as long as a woman is in good
    health.
  • Clinical breast exams (CBE) should be part of a
    periodic health exam, about every three years for
    women in their 20s and 30s and every year for
    women 40 and over.

16
Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines
  • Women should report any breast change promptly to
    their health care providers. Breast self-exam
    (BSE) is an option for women for women starting
    in their 20s.
  • Women at increased risk (e.g., family history,
    genetic tendency, past breast cancer ) should
    talk with their doctors about the benefits and
    limitations of starting mammography screening
    earlier, having additional tests (e.g., breast
    ultrasound or MRI), or having more frequent
    exams.

17
Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines
  • Annual pap testing should begin with the onset of
    sexual activity or at age 18
  • Investigate pros cons of new HPV vaccine
  • Pap testing should continue less frequently at
    the discretion of the medical provider and
    patient after three or more annual tests have
    been normal

18
Prostate Cancer Screening Guidelines
  • Men should speak to their doctor about the pros
    and cons of prostate cancer screening
  • Both prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital
    rectal examinations (DRE) are recommended for men
    over 50 and who choose to undergo screening for
    prostate cancer

19
Testicular Cancer Screening Guidelines
  • Doctors agree that examination of a mans
    testicles is an important part of a general
    physical exam. It is recommended that a
    testicular exam be conducted during routine
    cancer-related checkups.
  • It is believed that it is important to make men
    aware of testicular cancer and that any unusual
    mass should be evaluated by a health care
    provider immediately.

20
Skin Cancer
  • The ABCDs of melanoma (skin cancer)
  • Asymmetry one half is not like the other
  • Border the edges are jagged or irregular
  • Color the color is varied, tan, red, black ect
  • Diameter the diameter is larger than 8mm (the
    top of a pencil eraser

A B C D
21
Skin Cancer Prevention
  • It is important to
  • Protect your skin with hats, long sleeves and
    sunscreen
  • Do a self examination of your skin monthly
  • Become familiar with any moles, freckles or other
    abnormalities on your skin
  • Check for changes once a month. Show any
    suspicious or changing areas to your health care
    provider.

22
Good News!
  • Other Ways to Reduce the Risks of Developing
    Cancer

23
How Far Have We Come ?
  • Five year survival rate
  • 1913 - 10
  • 2003 - 66
  • Advances in cancer research continue

24
The Fight Will Continue Becausein 2007
  • Cancer is the second leading cause of death in
    Utah and the nation
  • 7660 Utahns diagnosed
  • 2690 Utahns will die
  • 7 Utahns die of cancer every day

American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts and
Figures 2007
25
Avoid Smoking or Chewing Tobacco
  • Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of
    preventable death in the US
  • Second hand smoke affects everyone

26
Fruits and Vegetables Decrease Cancer Risks
  • Cancer rates could decline by up to 20 if
    everyone consumed 5 fruits and vegetables a day!
  • Cancer fighting substances
  • Antioxidants
  • Dietary fiber
  • Carotenoids
  • Flavenoids

American Institute for Cancer Research, 1998.
27
Limit Alcohol to No More Than
  • Men 2 drinks per day
  • Women - 1 drink per day

28
Reduce Your Skin Exposure to the Sun
  • Limit time outside, between 10 a.m. 4 p.m.
  • Wear protective clothing. Use wide-brimmed hats
    and sunglasses.
  • Prevent sunburns, especially for children under
    18. Use waterproof sunscreen of SPF 15 or
    higher. Reapply as directed.
  • Avoid tanning beds.

29
Be ActiveOften
  • Exercise for 30 minutes or more at least 4 days a
    week.

30
186,550
The number of lives that could be saved each year
if we ate a healthy diet and exercised regularly
186,550
The number of lives that could be saved each year
with no tobacco
American Cancer Society
31
ucan
Utah Cancer Action Network
www.ucan.cc 1-800-222-2542
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