DO NOW: ART INTERPRETATION Pope Leo III

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DO NOW ART INTERPRETATION Pope Leo IIIs
Lateran Mosaic

• What do you make of the fact that it is Peter who
  gives Charles the lance and not Jesus or some
  other manifestation of God?

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Charlemagne 742 to 814
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Charlemagnes Empire
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Pope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor Dec.
25, 800
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The Carolingian Renaissance
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Charlemagnes Empire CollapsesTreaty of Verdun,
843
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Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on
loyalty and military service.
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Carcassonne A Medieval Castle
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Parts of a Medieval Castle
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The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE
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Chivalry A Code of Honor and Behavior
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The Medieval Manor
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Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work
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Checking for Understanding

• AP Multiple Choice Question
• Feudalism and manorialism were different in which
  of the following ways?
• Trade and commerce were more important in the
  feudal system
• Feudalism was a political system while
  manorialism was an economic system
• Advances in agricultural technology had a more
  positive impact on feudalism than on manorialism
• While feudalism involved the exchange of military
  services, only manorialism involved a social
  hierarchy
• Feudalism involved service via labor, while
  manorialism involved payments of tribute

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Checking for Understanding

• AP Multiple Choice Question
• In the 1100s, manorialism began to end in
  European nations for all of the following reasons
  EXCEPT
• The development of a money based economy
• The formations of towns and cities
• Peasant rebellions against nobles
• Severe floods that destroyed fields and crops
• Formation of trade relationships made
  self-sufficiency less crucial

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TODAY

• DO NOW QUICK WRITE
• What insight does The Secret History, by
  Procopius, give us into the character of
  Justinian?
• AP Multiple Choice Question
• A major factor in the spread of Eastern Orthodoxy
  was
• The Mongol invasions of the Balkans and Kiev
  Russia
• The increasing illiteracy of the population
• The use of icons and symbols in religious
  ceremonies
• Integration of folk customs and practices into
  religious doctrine
• The development of the Cyrillic alphabet

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TODAY

• AP Multiple Choice Question
• Which of the following statements about the Code
  of Hammurabi and the Justinian code are accurate?
• Both sets of laws derived their core philosophies
  from the Bible
• The importance of each was that they attempted to
  organize laws in ways that people could
  understand
• While the Justinian code contained harsh
  provisions for those convicted of crimes, the
  Code of Hammurabi was less punitive
• Neither Code applied to women, foreigners,
  peasants, or slaves
• Both sets of laws explicitly allowed slaves to
  bring suit against their masters for harsh
  treatment

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The Byzantine Empire

• One God, One Empire, One Religion

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Introduction

• When the western half of the Roman empire
  crumbled and fell, the eastern half, which became
  known as Byzantium, managed to survive and,
  mostly, to thrive for a millennium.
• During its long history, the Byzantine empire
  suffered many serious setbacks because of both
  internal strife and external pressures.

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Introduction Continued

• Nevertheless, this culture, which blended Roman
  and Greek traditions, managed to flourish
  politically, economically, and socially up until
  the time it began its centuries long decline
  culminating in its conquest by the Islamic Turks
  in 1453.

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Byzantine Power

• Byzantine power was achieved and maintained
  through
• Well-trained and well-led armies
• An armed naval force second to none
• The secret of Greek Fire
• A superior merchant marine
• A vibrant international economy
• A location in the Mediterranean and along the
  Black Sea that gave it a favorable commercial and
  strategic location
• A tradition of sophisticated diplomacy
• A well-run bureaucracy

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The Eastern Empire

• As Western Europe succumbed to the Germanic
  invasions, imperial power shifted to the
  Byzantine Empire (the eastern part of the Roman
  Empire).

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The city of Constantinople, was on a peninsula
overlooking the Bosporus, a strait connecting the
Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. From its
central location, the city controlled key trade
routes that linked Europe and Asia.
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The origins

• 292 Diocletian divides the Roman empire into
  two.
• 324 Constantine reunites the two parts
• 330 Constantine builds a new capital in the
  location of ancient Byzantium
• 337 The death of Constantine results in division
  between east and west.

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Constantinople

• Constantinople became the sole capitol of the
  empire and remained so until the successful
  revival of the western empire in the 8th century
  by Charlemagne.

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The Reign of Justinian

• The height of the first period of Byzantine
  history (324-632) was the reign of Emperor
  Justinian (r. 537-565) and his wife Empress
  Theodora (d. 548)

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The Byzantine Empire in the Time of Justinian
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The Age of Justinian (527-75)

• Procopius, Histories
• 532 The Nica revolt
• 536 Reconquest of Rome and much of Italy took
  many years.
• North Africa and the Spanish coast were easily
  conquered.
• Victories over Sassanid Persia in the east
  consolidate the borders

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San Vitale, Ravenna Italy
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Justinian
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Mosaics
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Mosaics
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Islamic Conquests and Byzantine Revival

• Islam emerges in the seventh century
• Arab peoples conquered the Sasanid empire and
  part of Byzantium
• Prolonged series of sieges of Constantinople by
  Islamic armies
• Byzantium survived partly because of Greek fire

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Byzantine Empire Reorganized

• Provinces (themes) under leadership of generals
• Armies of free peasants helped agricultural
  economy
• Byzantium and western Europe ecclesiastical and
  political tensions

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Byzantine Economy and Society

• Rural economy and society
• Large agricultural base to support cities
• Economy strongest when large class of free
  peasants existed
• Economy weakened when large landholders
  consolidated and made peasants dependent

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Byzantine Economy and Society

• Industry and trade
• Constantinople was major site of crafts and
  industry
• Glass, linen, textiles, gems, jewelry, gold, and
  silver
• Silk developed into major industry in sixth
  century secrets came from China
• Constantinople was clearinghouse for trade
• Banks and partnerships supported commercial
  economy
• Bezant was the standard currency of Mediterranean
  basin
• Western anchor of trade route revived silk roads

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The Imperial Goal Unity

• The imperial goal in the East was to centralize
  government and impose legal and doctrinal
  conformity.

One GodOne EmpireOne Religion
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1st Method Law

• Justinian collated and revised Roman law. His
  Corpus Juris Civilis (body of civil law) had
  little effect on medieval common law. However,
  beginning with the Renaissance, it provided the
  foundation for most European law down to the 19th
  century.

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2nd Method Religion

• Religion as well as law served imperial
  centralization. In 380, Christianity had been
  proclaimed the official religion of the eastern
  empire. Now all other religions were considered
  demented and insane.

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Increase in Church Wealth

• Between the 4th and 6th centuries, the patriarchs
  of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and
  Jerusalem acquired enormous wealth in the form of
  land and gold.

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Increase in Clergy

• The prestige and comfort that the clergy enjoyed
  swelled the ranks of the clergy in the Eastern
  Church.

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Independent Thinking

• Ideas thought to be heresies by the Roman
  Catholic Church received imperial support
• Arianism denied that Father and Son were equal
  and coeternal.
• Monophysitism taught that Jesushad only one
  nature, a composite divine-human one.
• Iconoclasm forbid the use of images (icons)
  because it led toidolatry.

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3rd Method Strong Cities

• During Justinians reign, the empires strength
  was its more than 1,500 cities. The largest with
  350,000 inhabitants, was Constantinople, the
  cultural crossroads of Asian and European
  civilizations.

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Urban Life

• Housing in Constantinople varied widely by class
• Attractions of Constantinople
• Baths, taverns, theaters
• Hippodrome used for mass entertainment
• Chariot races most popular Greens and Blues
  rivalry

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Classical Heritage

• The legacy of classical Greece
• Official language went from Latin to Greek
• State-organized school system trained workforce
• Primary education reading, writing, grammar
• Later education classical Greek, literature,
  philosophy, science
• Higher education in Constantinople law,
  medicine, philosophy
• Byzantine scholarship emphasized Greek tradition
• Wrote commentaries on Greek literature
• Preserved and transmitted Greek thought to later
  cultures

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The Byzantine Church

• Most distinctive feature was involvement of the
  emperor
• Council of Nicaea (325 CE) in which Arianism was
  declared heresy
• Iconoclasm controversy (726 843 CE) was started
  by Leo III
• Greek philosophy applied to Byzantine theology

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Loyal Governors and Bishops

• Between the 4th and 5th centuries, councils were
  made up of local wealthy landowners, who were not
  necessarily loyal to the emperor. By the 6th
  century, special governors and bishops replaced
  the councils and proved to be more loyal to the
  emperor.

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Extensive Building Plans
Justinian was an ambitious builder. His greatest
monument was the magnificent domed church of
Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), which was constructed
in just five years.
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In the area of architecture, Justinian blended
Greek, Roman, Persian and Middle Eastern styles.
The best known structure is the Church of Hagia
Sophia whose name means Holy Wisdom
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The Grounds Interior
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In the area of art, the Byzantine empire made
great contributions. Icons were images of Jesus,
the Virgin Mary and others. These icons were
supposed the create the sense that the holy
person was actually present.
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Byzantine artists also developed Mosaics,
pictures or designs formed by inlaid pieces of
stone or other materials. Mosaics often displayed
religious themes.
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Influence of Byzantium in Eastern Europe

• Domestic problems and foreign pressures
• Generals and local aristocrats allied new elite
  class challenged imperial power
• Muslim Saljuq Turks invaded Anatolia, defeated
  Byzantines at Mansikert, 1071
• Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople in 1453,
  the end of the empire
• Western Europe took parts of Byzantium
• Normans in southern Italy and Sicily
• Crusaders carved out states and sacked
  Constantinople in 1204

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The Byzantines gave Russia a written language.
Two Byzantine missionaries adapted the Greek
alphabet This new system, called the Cyrillic
alphabet is still used in Russia today.
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Decline in the 7th Century

• In the seventh century the empire lost Syria, the
  Holy Land, Egypt, and North Africa to invading
  Islamic armies.

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The Iconoclastic Controversy

• The Iconoclastic Controversy, a movement that
  denied the holiness of religious images,
  devastated much of the empirefor over a hundred
  years.
• During the eighth and early ninth centuries the
  use of such images was prohibited, but icons were
  restored by 843.

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Influence of Byzantium in Eastern Europe

• Early relations between Byzantium and Slavic
  peoples
• Byzantines began to influence Bulgarian politics
  and culture after the eighth century
• Mission to the Slavs
• Saints Cyril and Methodius, mid-ninth century
• Cyrillic writing stimulated conversion to
  Orthodox Christianity
• Education and religion tied together, led to more
  conversions

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Influence of Byzantium in Eastern Europe

• Domestic problems and foreign pressures
• Generals and local aristocrats allied new elite
  class challenged imperial power
• Muslim Saljuq Turks invaded Anatolia, defeated
  Byzantines at Mansikert, 1071
• Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople in 1453,
  the end of the empire
• Western Europe took parts of Byzantium
• Normans in southern Italy and Sicily
• Crusaders carved out states and sacked
  Constantinople in 1204

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The Fall of Constantinople

• in 1204, the Crusaders attacked, conquered, and
  pillaged the city of Constantinople, a goal that
  the Muslims had been trying achieve for centuries

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Fall of Byzantium
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Conquered by the Ottoman Turks

• In 1453, the city was finally and permanently
  conquered by the Ottoman Turks and renamed
  Istanbul. Byzantine culture, law, and
  administration came to its final end.

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Contribution to Western Civilization

• Throughout the early Middle Ages, the Byzantine
  Empire remained a protective barrier between
  western Europe and hostile Persian, Arab, and
  Turkish armies.
• The Byzantines were also a major conduit of
  classical learning and science into the West down
  to the Renaissance. While western Europeans were
  fumbling to create a culture of their own, the
  cities of the Byzantine Empire provided them a
  model of a civilized society.

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Class Discussion

• Compare the development of civilization in
  eastern and western Europe.

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• The West developed around Rome and its empire
  likewise, the East branched from the Roman Empire
  during its decline.
• The religions also branched from the Romans.
• Rome developed by conquest, while trade was what
  spread to the East.

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Class Discussion

• Evaluate the significance of the Byzantine Empire
  to the civilization of Europe.

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• The Byzantine Empire was the birth place of
  Orthodox Christianity.
• This branch of Christianity spread through
  Eastern Europe westward, creating an alternative
  to Catholicism.
• Russia was also influenced by this empire, and
  claimed to be its heir.
• The Orthodox church and the civilization of
  Russia are the two most significant contributions
  to Europe.

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Class Discussion

• Compare Orthodox Christianity to Roman
  Catholicism.

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• Byzantine culture, political organization, and
  economic orientation help to explain the rift
  between the eastern and western versions of
  Christianity.
• Different rituals grew from Greek and Latin
  versions of the Bible.
• Emperors resisted papal attempts to interfere in
  religious issues.

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• Hostility greeted the effort of the Frankish
  king, Charlemagne, to be recognized as Roman
  emperor.
• The final break between the two churches occurred
  in 1054 over arguments about the type of bread
  used in the mass and celibacy of priests.
• Even though the two churches remained separate,
  they continued to share a common classical
  heritage.