Measuring Women in Poverty and Women

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Measuring Women in Poverty and Womens Economic
Contribution The Philippine Experience
Presented by Jessamyn O. Encarnacion
Global Forum on Gender Statistics Rome,
Italy 10-12 December 2007
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Outline of Presentation

1. Introduction
2. Women in Poverty
3. Womens Contribution to the Economy
4. Concluding Remarks

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I. Introduction

• From 2000 to 2003, women accounted for the second
  largest number of poor population (after the
  children)

Magnitude of poor women Poverty Incidence ()
2000 12.2 million 32.3
2003 11.6 million 29.0

• Gender differential still remains as an issue in
  economic participation
• Economic participation - 80 for men versus 50
  for women in 2006
• Employment rate - 74 for men versus 46 for
  women in 2005
• Poses a challenge to the country in achieving
  Goal 3 of the MDGs!

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I. Introduction
About the National Statistical Coordination Board
(NSCB)

• The Philippine Statistical System is a
  decentralized statistical system
• Many agencies of government generate statistics
• NSO
• Bureau of Agricultural Statistics
• Bureau of Labor Employment Statistics
• BSP
• DENR, DOT, DepED, CHED, DOH, DOST, etc.
• Need for coordinating agency

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I. Introduction
About the NSCB
Executive Order 121, Series of 1987 Reorganizing
the Philippine Statistical System and for Other
Purposes

• Issued on January 30, 1987
• Created the National Statistical Coordination
  Board (NSCB) as the highest policy-making and
  coordinating body on statistical matters in the
  country

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I. Introduction
About the NSCB
Our Products

• Compiles the National Accounts of the Philippines
• Estimates GDP, GNP
• Generates Official Poverty Statistics
• Poverty Threshold
• Poverty Incidence
• Philippine Statistical Yearbook
• Leading economic index, foreign direct
  investments, etc.
• Satellite accounts for tourism, health, education
• Other economic and social statistics

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I. Introduction
About the NSCB
Our Services

• Coordination services
• Inter-agency concerns
• Survey review system
• Designation of statistics
• Subnational statistical system
• Online statistical service
• Technical services (including data requests and
  advocacy for statistical awareness)
• Administers the NATIONAL STATISTICAL INFORMATION
  CENTER
• http//www.nscb.gov.ph

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I. Introduction
Coordination mechanisms
? Serves as the Secretariat to the Interagency
Committee (IAC) on Gender Statistics, which
serves as a strategic mechanism to sustain the
efforts and initiatives in the generation and
improvement of gender statistics and
institutionalize the implementation of the Gender
and Development Framework
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II. Women in Poverty
Official Poverty Statistics

• Starting 1985, Philippines official poverty
  estimates are regularly compiled by the NSCB
  (i.e., every three years)
• Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES) is
  the main source of data on income and
  expenditure, conducted by the NSO every three
  years
• These are disaggregated by geographical location
• - National
• - Regional
• - Provincial
• Still, one of the demands is poverty statistics
  at lower levels and sectoral disaggregation

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II. Women in Poverty

• Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act (RA
  8425)
• Defined poverty in the Philippines
• Also declared that the State should adopt an
  area-based sectoral and focused intervention to
  poverty alleviation
• Defined the basic sectors as the disadvantaged
  sectors of Philippine society

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II. Women in Poverty
14 Basic Sectors

1. Farmer-peasant
2. Artisanal fisherfolk
3. Workers in the formal sector and migrant workers
4. WOMEN
5. Senior citizens
6. Youth and students
7. Children
8. Urban poor
9. Workers in the informal sectors
10. Indigenous peoples and cultural communities
11. Differently-abled persons
12. Victims of calamities and disasters
13. Cooperatives
14. Non-government organizations

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II. Women in Poverty
Poverty statistics for the basic sectors

• Hence, in 2004, the NSCB embarked on the
  Development of Poverty Statistics for the Basic
  Sectors Project, funded by the UNDP, whose aim
  was to generate poverty statistics across all the
  basic sectors for the year 2000
• In line with the NSCBs thrust of
  institutionalizing project outputs and
  activities, the NSCB Board, per Resolution No.
  11, Series of 2007, approved the Methodology for
  the Generation of Poverty Statistics for the
  Basic Sectors
• Official poverty statistics on basic sectors
  cover 2000 and 2003

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II. Women in Poverty
Data sources

• 2000 and 2003 Family Income and Expenditures
  Survey (FIES)
• 4th quarter 2000 and 2003 round of the Labor
  Force Survey (LFS) undertaken in January 2004
• 2000 Census of Population and Housing (CPH)
• 2000 and 2003 Philippine Poverty Statistics

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II. Women in Poverty
Variable Data source
1. Income FIES was used for classifying households as poor or non-poor
2. Sectoral characteristic of the population LFS was used to assign household members into sectors
3. Total population Estimated total population of the sector based on the FIES and LFS. However, for years when the conduct of the CPH and FIES coincide, data from the CPH will be used (e.g., 2000) to estimate the total population for four sectors, namely, women, youth, children, and senior citizen. Otherwise, data from FIES will be used.
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II. Women in Poverty

• Both FIES and LFS follow the Integrated Survey of
  Households (ISH) sampling scheme, making the
  estimation of poverty incidence straightforward.
  For example, the poverty incidence for women is

Number of poor women Poverty incidence
women ----------------------------------
Total number of women
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II. Women in Poverty
Poverty incidence among the eight sectors
Poverty Incidence among the Population (Phils.
2003) 30.0
Highlights

• The poverty incidence for all sectors decreased
  from 2000 to 2003. The Women Sector exhibited a
  decrease of 3.3 percentage points over the 3-year
  period.

• In terms of magnitude of poor population, the
  Children, Women and Urban Sectors are the
  largest.

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II. Women in Poverty

• Summary of findings

1 / Excludes NCR in 2000 due to high CV (with CV
gt 50 percent) 2/ Excludes CAR in 2000 due to high
CV (with CV gt 50 percent)
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III. Womens Economic Contribution

• Observed gender inequality in economic
  participation
• Hence, men have greater economic visibility
  and higher contribution to the economy, more
  participation in making economic decisions, and
  more likely to have access to credit
• Economic undercount of women thus puts them in a
  situation that can perpetuate, if not outright
  worsen the inequity between men and women
• Need for information on womens and mens
  contribution to the economy
• To adequately measure womens contribution in
  society
• - means expanding the definition of the SNA
  production boundary to include non-market services

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III. Womens Economic Contribution

• Efforts on the generation of satellite accounts
• a. Measuring The Contribution of Women To The
  
• Philippine Economy by Romulo A. Virola and
  Sylvia M. de Perio (1998)
• b. Womens Contribution To The Economy by
  Romulo
• A. Virola (1999)
• c. Do Women Contribute Less Than Men to Nation
  Building by Romulo A. Virola, Jessamyn
  O. Encarnacion, Armyl G. Zaguirre,
  Raymond S. Perez (2007)

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III. Womens Economic Contribution

• Taking off from the methodology used by Virola
  and de Perio in 1998
• Using updated parameters from the results of the
  2000 TUS.

a/ Used in the 1998 study of Virola and de
Perio b/ Used in this study c/ Details of the
original were 1) rescaled to add up to 24
hours (1 day) and 2) weighted using urban (for
Quezon City) and rural (for Batangas) population
as weights.
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III. Womens Economic Contribution

• GDP by Sex
• a. Using Total Employment (from LFS)
• b. Using Total Hours Worked (from LFS)
• - Data from the LFS was used as weights
• - Used hours deemed to be more reflective of
  the quantity of participation of women or men
  in the labor force

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III. Womens Economic Contribution

• NFIA by sex
• a. Net Compensation
• - remittances by sex in the Survey of Overseas
  Filipinos (SOF) was used as weights
• b. Net Property Income
• - allocated equally to men and women due to
  unavailability of an allocation basis
• GNP by sex
• - simply the sum of GDP and NFIA by sex

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III. Womens Economic Contribution

• Multiplied by the total number of employed,
  unemployed and those outside the labor force from
  the LFS

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III. Womens Economic Contribution
Methods Used in Valuation of Unpaid Work
Method Monetary value used in this study Labor force participation
1. Opportunity Cost (OC) Mean compensation per employee Employed
2. Market Price (MP) Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force
Generalist Janitor Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force
Specialist N/A Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force
Minimum Wage Minimum wage Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force
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III. Womens Economic Contribution

• Unpaid household and community services by sex
  was estimated using the same procedures except
  total time spent in community services was
  included
• Direct estimation of unpaid household was used in
  computing for the self-valuation results

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III. Womens Economic Contribution

• Unpaid work adds 66.2 percent to GDP!

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III. Womens Economic Contribution

• Womens share to GDP increased by 8 percentage
  points!

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III. Womens Economic Contribution

• Women account for 59.6 percent of the total hours
  of unpaid work!

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III. Womens Economic Contribution

• Women not in the labor force account for more
  than half of the total value of unpaid work of
  women!

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III. Womens Economic Contribution

• Other findings of the study
• Women accounted for only 27.4 percent of the
  total Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA)
• Women contributed 46.2 percent of the adjusted
  Gross National Product (GNP) from 38.0 percent
  when unpaid work was not included

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III. Womens Economic Contribution
Other NSCB Initiatives

1. Core GAD Indicators Data Framework
2. Philippine Statistical Handbook on Women and Men
3. Coordination of statistical activities concerning
   the gender sector thru the Interagency Committee
   on Gender Statistics
4. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index by sex

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Digression
III. Womens Economic Contribution
Community participation volunteer work
Conceptual Framework
Religion and spiritual work
Cultural activities
Sex life
HI1
Education
Technological know-how
HI2
Family
Work
Friends
Philippine Happiness Index
Economy
Health
Environment
Income and financial security
Government
HI n
Leisure and sports
Politics
Note From 14 (during the pilot) to 17 domains
Others
Love life
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III. Womens Economic Contribution
   BOTH MEN AND WOMEN FIND FAMILY AND FRIENDS
AS MOST IMPORTANT DOMAINS AND SOURCES OF
HAPPINESS, ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMY, GOVERNMENT AND
POLITICS AS THE LEAST! WOMEN FIND LOVE
IMPORTANT BUT NOT SEX WHILE MEN FIND BOTH LOVE
AND SEX IMPORTANT THERE IS A MISMATCH! WOMEN
ARE HAPPIER WITH SEX THAN MEN! BASED ON A
SINGLE QUESTION, WOMEN ARE HAPPIER THAN MEN! BUT
DERIVING INDEX FROM ALL DOMAINS OF HAPPINESS, MEN
ARE JUST AS HAPPY AS WOMEN!
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III. Womens Economic Contribution
Other Efforts of the Philippine Statistical System

• National Demographic and Health Survey
• Maternal and Child Health Survey
• Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey

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IV. Concluding Remarks
On measuring women in poverty

1. The poorest sectors could be identified using
   the combined FIES-LFS data with some degree of
   reliability.
2. Knowing which basic sectors were the poorest
   would help in designing appropriate poverty
   alleviation programs.
3. More comprehensive poverty alleviation programs
   could be designed if estimates for the other
   sectors could be generated as well.

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IV. Concluding Remarks
On measuring the contribution of women

• Methodology needs improvement
• Data limitations of the Philippine Statistical
  System
• 3. Financial and manpower constraints of the
  NSCB
• 4. Reports appear to be comparable to other
  countries
• Better appreciation from international community
  will benefit the efforts to value unpaid work in
  the SNA

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IV. Concluding Remarks

• 6. Users should recognize the benefits from the
  generation of statistics and it will be helpful
  if they are able to demonstrate actual policy
  uses of statistics.
• Need for statistical capacity building of the
  producers, users and the providers of statistics.
• The Government thru the Department of Budget and
  Management and Congress should realize that
  statistics will play a the critical role in the
  global competition among knowledge-based
  economies in the Third Millennium.

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Thank you!
visit www. nscb.gov.ph email
jo.encarnacion_at_nscb.gov.ph info_at_nscb.gov.ph