Early Expressionism

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Early Expressionism

• Munch (pronounced Muenk) was a Norwegian painter
  and printmaker whose intensely psychological and
  emotional themes was a major influence on the
  development of German Expressionism in the early
  20th century. His painting The Scream is regarded
  as an icon of the existential anguish of the
  post-industrial modern age.

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Edvard Munch 1863-1944 The Scream 1893 Casein/
waxed crayon and tempera on paper (cardboard) 35
7/8 x 29"
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Death in the Sickroom 1895, Oil on canvas, 59 x
66
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The Dance of Life,1900, Oil on canvas, 49 ½ x
75
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Ashes 1894 Oil on canvas, 120.5 x 141 cm
Nasjonalgalleriet (National Gallery), Oslo
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Evening on Karl Johan 1892 Oil on canvas, 84.5
x 121 cm Rasmus Meyer Collection, Bergen
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Self Portrait Between Clock and Bed 1940-42
Oil on canvas, 149.5 x 120.5 cm Munch Museum,
Oslo
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German Expressionism

• There were two groups of German Expressionist
  movements.
• One was called Die Brucke (meaning "the bridge"),
  led by Kirchner.
• The other was called Der Blau Rieter ("the Blue
  Rider"), led by Kandinsky.

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Die Brucke ("The Bridge")Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
(1880 - 1938)

• The beginning of Expressionism took place in
  Germany, around the time of the first World War.
  In 1912, Kirchner became the leader of a group of
  artists who called themselves "Die Brucke". He
  and the other artists sought to build a " bridge"
  between Germany's past and future. They felt that
  the art of the current establishment was too
  academic and refined to retain any degree of
  expression, so they instead found inspiration in
  medieval German art and primitive African
  sculpture. Additionally, they would find
  inspiration in the emotionally expressive works
  of Vincent Van Gogh and Edvard Munch. Since their
  primary concern was the expression of deeply felt
  emotions, they would also transform their
  negative feelings about the war onto canvas.
• Kirchner achieved some fame during his lifetime,
  and was fortunate to maintain a number of
  collectors for his paintings. With the beginnings
  of WWII, however, his work was denounced (as well
  as his compratriots) as "degenerate art", and
  confiscated from museums. He became increasingly
  depressed by the war and took his own life.

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Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Woman and Mirror 1912
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Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Two Women in the
Street 1914
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Der Blau Reiter ("The Blue Rider") Wassily
Kandinsky (Russian, 1866-1944)

• Though Kandinsky was born in Russia, he spent
  most of his creative years in Germany, and would
  head up the second German Expressionist group,
  known as "Der Blau Reiter". Kandinsky and his
  followers were more spiritually inclined than the
  Die Brucke group (and had close ties with a new
  sect of religious philosophy, known as
  theosophy). Kandinsky believed that colors,
  shapes and forms had an equivalence with sounds
  and music, and sought to create color harmonies
  which would be purifying to the soul. It is easy
  to see the impressionistic influence in his very
  earliest works. As his work progresses, it
  becomes increasingly abstract, until there is no
  longer an image defined by the various shapes and
  colors. By this time, Kandinsky had decided that
  the idea of creating paintings which were
  pictures of the representational world was no
  longer necessary. He felt that society was paving
  the way for a new, more spiritual age. Instead of
  focusing on the material aspects of life, he felt
  his paintings could help prepare people to see
  the spiritual, non-material world. Kandinsky is
  one of the first (if not the first) artist to
  create completely non-representational paintings.

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Kandinsky Woman in Moscow 1912
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           Kandinsky                            
                                                I
mprovisation 30 1930
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Franz Marc(German,1880-1916)

• Franz Marc is best known for his paintings of
  animals (particularly horses and deer) in which
  he attempted to express his mystical veneration
  of nature. In works such as Blue Horses, he used
  stylized lines and curves and brilliant
  unrealistic color to create and heighten the
  sense of nature idealized. After 1913, in
  response to cubism and futurism, he turned to
  abstraction, creating moods of clashing,
  discordant uncertainty. He was killed in action
  during World War I.

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Franz Marc Blue Horses 1911
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Franz Marc, Deer in a Monastery Garden 1912
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Austrian ExpressionismGustav Klimt

• Gustav Klimt was the leader of a group called the
  Viennese Seccession, which sought to separate
  itself from the naturalist movement which was
  popular in early 20th century Austria. His work
  is difficult to categorize, but is often
  associated with the Symbolists and Art Nouveau,
  but it also has some ties to Expressionism.

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Gustav Klimt The Kiss 1907 Oil on
canvas 180 x 180 cm
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Gustav Klimt Hygeia 1907
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SYMBOLISM Late 19th century art movement of
French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts
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The Sleeping Gypsy 1897
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Henri Rousseau1844-1910
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The Repast of the Lion, ca. 1907 Oil on canvas
44 3/4 x 63 in.
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Tropical Landscape- An American Indian
Struggling with a Gorilla 1910
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Odilon Redon1840-1916
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Odilon Redon Orpheus 1913
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Odilon Redon, Il ciclope, 1895-1900
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Odilon Redon The Buddha
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Odilon Redon Vase of Flowers
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DADAISM
People believed that a society that creates the
monstrosity of war does not deserve art, so they
decided to give it anti-artnot beauty but
ugliness. With phrases like Dada destroys
everything! It is an early twentieth century art
movement which ridiculed contemporary culture and
traditional art forms. The movement was formed to
prove the bankruptcy of existing style of
artistic expression rather than to promote a
particular style itself. It was born as a
consequence of the collapse during World War I of
social and moral values which had developed to
that time. Dada artists produced works which were
nihilistic or reflected a cynical attitude toward
social values, and, at the same time, irrational
absurd and playful, emotive and intuitive, and
often cryptic. Less a style than a zeitgeist,
Dadaists typically produced art objects in
unconventional forms produced by unconventional
methods. Several artists employed the chance
results of accident as a means of production, for
instance. Literally, the word dada means several
things in several languages it's French for
"hobbyhorse" and Slavic for "yes yes." Some
authorities say that the name Dada is a
nonsensical word chosen at random from a
dictionary.
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Duchamp, Marcel(1887-1968)

• Duchamps work is characterized by its humor, the
  variety and unconventionality of its media, and
  its incessant probing of the boundaries of art.

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Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, 1912
Marcel Duchamp
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Marcel Duchamp Fountain 1917 Ready-made
Porcelain Urinal
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Marcel Duchamp L.H.O.O.Q. 1918
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Max Ernst (1891-1976)
The German painter-poet Max Ernst was a member of
the dada movement and a founder of surrealism. A
self-taught artist, he formed a Dada group in
Cologne, Germany, with other avant-garde artists.
He pioneered a method called frottage, in which a
sheet of paper is placed on the surface of an
object and then penciled over until the texture
of the surface is transferred.
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Max Ernst Ubu Imperator, 1923-1924
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The Graminaceaous Bicycle, 1921
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SURREALISMEurope, 1924 to 1950's Surrealism is
a style in which fantastical visual imagery from
the subconscious mind is used with no intention
of making the work logically comprehensible.
Founded by Andre Breton in 1924, it was a
primarily European movement that attracted many
members of the chaotic Dada movement. It was
similar in some elements to the mystical
19th-century Symbolist movement, but was deeply
influenced by the psychoanalytic work of Freud
and Jung.The Surrealist circle was made up of
many of the great artists of the 20th century,
including Max Ernst, Giorgio de Chirico, Jean
Arp, Man Ray, Joan Miro, and Rene Magritte.
Salvador Dali
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Salvador Dalí. (Spanish, 1904-1989). The
Persistence of Memory. 1931. Oil on canvas, 9
1/2 x 13"
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Salvador Dalí. (Spanish, 1904-1989). Illumined
Pleasures. 1929. Oil and collage on composition
board, 9 3/8 x 13 3/4"
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Salvador Dali Soft Construction with Boiled
Beans 1936
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Salvador Dali Soft Self-Portrait with Grilled
Bacon, 1941
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The Visage of War, 1940
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Joan Miro1893-1983

• subject matter drawn from the realm of memory and
  imaginative fantasy

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Joan Miro Dutch Interior II 1920
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Personage Throwing a Stone at a Bird
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Catalan Landscape