12 Hypersensitivity

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12 Hypersensitivity
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12-1 Hypersensitivity Type I

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What is an allergy?

• An allergy is a reaction to an allergen, a
  substance capable of inducing a hypersensitive
  reaction in animals. An allergen can be almost
  any natural or man-made substance in the
  environment such as grass, pollen, flea saliva,
  dust, or even fabric.

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• Allergens enter your pet's body via inhalation,
  ingestion, injection, parasites, or touch. When
  animals have allergies, they tend to sneeze, have
  watery eyes, and a runny nose. Dogs and cats are
  more likely to excessively scratch or lick
  themselves instead.

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How does an allergen create allergies?

• When your pet is first exposed to the potential
  allergen, such as grass pollen, his immune system
  develops antibodies to the pollen, though there
  will be no noticeable outward symptoms during
  this initial exposure.

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• The next time your pet comes in contact with this
  allergen, the antibodies go into hyperaction.
  They send out signals to the immune system to
  produce a protein called Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
  that binds to cells called mast cells in the skin
  and causes a chemical called histamine to be
  released.

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• Histamines have many functions in the body, among
  them the dilation (or opening up) of capillaries
  and contraction (or tightening up) of muscles,
  both of which contribute to intense itching.

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• Each exposure to the allergen causes a new
  reaction, and if not treated, the pet has no
  choice but to scratch or chew at the inflamed
  area, causing further inflammation, welts(raised
  marker on skin), and sores - even ear infections.

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12-2 Antibody-dependent cytotoxic
hypersensitivity(type II)

• Blood transfusion
• IgM, IgG
• Complement, Fc receptor

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Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity(ADCC)
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Aa-negative mare
Aa-positive foal
Hemolytic disease
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12-3 Immune Complex-Mediated Hypersensitivity(Typ
e III)

• Excessive antigen antibodyComplex
• Macrophage Fc?Receptor Complex? Proinflammatory
  cytokines, IL-1, TNF-a
• Complement

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Immune Complex
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12-4 Cell-Mediated(Delayed-Type)
Hypersensitivity(Type IV)

• Bacteria, viruses and fungi
• CD4 T cells-mediated, macrophage activation, and
  then release inflammatory cytokines.
• CD8 T cells-mediated, killing target cells, and
  mediating inflammation

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