From Empire to Independence 1750-1776

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From Empire to Independence1750-1776

• AP U.S. History

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European Claims in North America, 1750 and 1763
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Growing Conflict

• Albany Conference (1754).
• Adopt Franklins Plan of Union.
• Lack of intercolonial cooperation.
• Points of conflict
• 1.) Acadia aka Nova Scotia
• 2.) Border between New France and New York.
• 3.) Ohio River Valley.

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The War for Empire in North America, 17541763
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French Indian War1754-1763

• Britain Prussia v. France, Austria, Spain,
  Russia (in Europe Seven Years War)
• Britain v. French Indian tribes in North
  America.
• Disputed area Appalachian mountains to the
  Mississippi River.

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Treaty of Paris-1763

• France loses all N.A. possessions.
• All land East of MS River to British and West to
  Spain.
• Spain cedes FL to Britain in exchange for Pacific
  and Caribbean colonies.
• Indians French gave away their land.
• British stop practice of gift giving ammunition
  for hunting.
• 1763 attack all British western forts. Kill more
  than 2,000 settlers.

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European Claims in North America, 1750 and 1763
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Terms of Peace

• War with Indians after 1763 is at a stalemate.
• British issue Royal Proclamation of 1763.
• Area west of Appalachian is Indian Country.
• Causes outrage with colonists.

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British Control of Colonies

• British Beliefs
• Colonies exist for mercantilism.
• A source of money colonies supply raw materials
  and buy British goods.
• Navigation Acts of 1651
• British focus on economics and defense

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Colonial Rule

• Colonies were self-governed.
• Voting qualifications
• White, male, property owner.
• NE church membership.
• Government
• Appointed or elected, unless a royal colony.
• Strain on liberty freedom.

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Emergence of Nationalism

• French Indian War experience.
• MA had 1500-2000 die in war.
• Distinguish between British and Colonist.
• Yankee or Lobster.
• First use of American.

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Commerce Communication

• 1735-1775 trade with Britain doubles.
• Commerce among colonies quadruples.
• Newspapers important part of communication.
• Report continental perspective.
• No longer a mouthpiece for
  Britain.
• Read by over 25 of colonists.

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Republicanism

• Extension of suffrage.
• Representation based upon population.
• Representatives responsible to constituents.
• Sacrifice of self interest for the public good.
• John Locke Power of ruler is conditional, not
  absolute.
• Result Independent, politically active
  population.

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Growing Costs of Running Colonies

• 10,000 troops to protect colonists from Indians.
• Tax in Britiain? No Way!
• Pass Sugar Act (1764) to gain more revenue from
  colonists.
• Charge tax on sugar coming into the colonies.
• Boston proposes boycott on British goods
  (nonimportation).
• Only affects merchants.

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The Stamp Act - 1765

• Required purchase of special paper for
  newspapers, legal documents, dice playing
  cards.
• Affects influential colonists.
• Colonists cannot vote in British elections.
• Virtual v. Actual Representation.
  

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VA Stamp Act Resolutions

• House of Burgesses lead by P. Henry denounce
  Stamp Act.
• 8 other colonies follow in, no taxation without
  representation.-J. Otis
• Response to taxation in a time of depression
  following French Indian War.
• Results in the Stamp Act Congress.

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Demonstrations against the Stamp Act, 1765
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MA Circular Letter

• Townshend Revenue Acts-conspiracy to suppress
  American liberties.
• Letter written by Samuel Adams urging colonial
  harmony and resistance to British authority.
• After rebellion and riots, British occupy Boston
  in 1768.
• Boston Massacre in 1770.

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Resistance Increases

• Boston Pamphlet Declarations illustrating that
  the British were enslaving the Americans.
• 1773 MA Gov. Hutchinson lets Americans know they
  do not have the same rights as Englishmen.

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Increased Rebellion (Cont.)

• 1774 Intolerable Acts In response to Boston
  other Tea Parties.
• MA Government Act Annulled the colonial charter
  terminating self-rule.
• Quartering Act Legalized housing troops at
  public expense.

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The Quebec Act of 1774

• British authorized a permanent government for the
  territory taken from France.
• Authoritarian administration with a royal
  governor and appointed council.
• Catholic Church set up as state religion.
• Colonists Preview of measures to come.

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Measures to Unify the Colonies

• First Continental Congress (Sept., 1774)
• Hope to avoid war in favor of economic
  constraints.
• Lexington Concord (1775) First Engagement.
• Special units of minute men or militia.
• British move on Concord and Revere alerts the
  militia.
• British are faced with angry mob protecting their
  
• own land and outnumbered.

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The First Engagements of the Revolution
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Rebellion

• Second Continental Congress (May, 1775).
• Offer to let Quebec join revolt.
• Create Continental Army.
• Finance the revolution with 2 million bills of
  credit backed by faith in the colonies.

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Independence

• Emotional ties to Britain.
• T. Paines pamphlet, Common Sense most important
  piece of persuasion during revolution.
• 100,000 copies sold within months of publication
  (Jan., 1776).

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Declaration Of Independence

• Jefferson appointed by Second CC to write the
  declaration.
• Finished product is presented July 2, 1776.
• All would be charged with treason.
• Ben Franklin, "We must, indeed, all hang
  together, or most assuredly we shall hang
  separately."

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Declaration Continued

• 1st Justification for their actions
• 3rd Explanation of what the purpose of
  government is
• "We hold these truths..." John Locke
• An Act of Political Persuasion
• Political argument designed persuade the rest of
  the world that they were correct.
• Irony Native Americans and African Americans

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Paragraph One

• When in the Course of human events, it becomes
  necessary for one people to dissolve the
  political bands which have connected them with
  another, and to assume among the powers of the
  earth, the separate and equal station to which
  the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle
  them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind
  requires that they should declare the causes
  which impel them to the separation.

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• We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all
  men are created equal, that they are endowed by
  their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,
  that among these are Life, Liberty and the
  pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these
  rights, Governments are instituted among Men,
  deriving their just powers from the consent of
  the governed, That whenever any Form of
  Government becomes destructive of these ends, it
  is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish
  it, and to institute new Government, laying its
  foundation on such principles and organizing its
  powers in such form, as to them shall seem most
  likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
  Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments
  long established should not be changed for light
  and transient causes and accordingly all
  experience hath shewn, that mankind are more
  disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable,
  than to right themselves by abolishing the forms
  to which they are accustomed. But when a long
  train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing
  invariably the same Object evinces a design to
  reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their
  right, it is their duty, to throw off such
  Government, and to provide new Guards for their
  future security.

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Declaration Continued

• Three powerful principles
• Rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of
  happiness.
• Power comes from the consent of the governed.
• Right to revolution.
• Enlightenment ideas
• First real test, with real consequences.
• Very narrow view of who was free and had these
  rights.