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Aren

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Title: Aren


1
Arent Positive and Negative Polar Questions the
Same?
  • Daniel Büring Cristine Gunlogson

Dimarts, 12 dabril de 2011 Grup de lectura -
Com parlem de les preguntes i l'entonació?
Consideracions teòriques.
2
Typology of polar questions
  • polar questions (PQs)
  • positive (PPQs) negative (NPQs)
  • outer negation (ONPQs) inner negation (INPQs)
  • BG following Ladd (1981)

3
Inner and Outer Negation (Ladd 1981)
He had previously assumed the truth of the
proposition there is a vegetarian restaurant
around here, but he has now inferred from what
Kathleen says that this proposition is actually
false, and is using the NQ to check this new
inference
  • Example of inner negation polar question (INPQ)
  • Situation Bob is visiting Kathleen and Jeff in
    Chicago while attending the CLS.
  • Bob Id like to take you guys out to dinner
    while Im here wed have time to go somewhere
    around here before the evening session tonight,
    dont you think?
  • Kathleen I guess, but theres not really any
    place to go to in Hyde Park.
  • Bob Oh, really, isnt there a vegetarian
    restaurant around here?
  • Kathleen No, about all we can get is hamburgers
    and souvlaki.

4
Inner and Outer Negation (Ladd 1981)
She uses the negative question to ask for
confirmation of something she believes to be
true. ... The speaker believes... P and wants
confirmation... what is being questioned is the
speakers belief P.
  • Example of outer negation polar question (ONPQ)
  • Situation Kathleen and Jeff have just come from
    Chicago on the Greyhound bus to visit Bob in
    Ithaca).
  • Bob You guys must be starving. You want to get
    something to eat?
  • Kathleen Yeah, isnt there a vegetarian
    restaurant around here Moosewood, or something
    like that?
  • Bob Gee, youve heard about Moosewood all the
    way out in Chicago, huh? OK, lets go there.

5
Summary
background speaker wants (conditions on contextual evidence BG)
INPQ p is expected (Ladd speaker used to believe that p) confirmation for the inference that not-p
ONPQ speaker believes that p confirmation for p
6
Morphosyntactic Probes (Inner/Outer Negation
Distinction)
  • German
  • Gibt es nicht ein vegetarisches Restaurant in
    Dieser Ecke? (outNEG) PQs only (No hi ha un
    restaurant vegetarià en aquesta cantonada?)
  • Gibt es kein vegetarisches Restaurant in dieser
    Eche? (inNEG) declaratives as well as PQs (No
    hi ha cap restaurant vegetarià en aquesta
    cantonada?)
  • Declarative sentences with nicht ein are
    unacceptable even if used with rising intonation
    as questions. Possibility of an outer negation
    construal is confined to the syntactic category
    of interrogative rather than the pragmatic
    category of question.

7
Morphosyntactic Probes (Inner/Outer Negation
Distinction)
  • English
  • Isnt there some vegetarian restaurant around
    here? (outNEG) PQs only
  • Is there no vegetarian restaurant around here?
    (inNEG) declaratives as well as PQs
  • More...
  • Negative polarity item ?inner negation Isnt
    Jane coming either?
  • Positive polarity item ?outer negation Isnt
    Jane coming too?
  • ...THE PREPOSITION QUESTIONED IN THE ONPQs IS A
    POSITIVE ONE, AND THE NEGATION IS SOMEHOW
    OUTSIDE THAT PROPOSITION, HENCE UNABLE TO
    LICENSE NPIs.

8
Positive Polar Questions
  • S and A are talking long-distance on the phone
    (neutral context)
  • a. S Whats the weather like out there? Is it
    raining?
  • b. S Whats the weather like out there? Is it
    sunny?
  • A enters Ss windowless computer room wearing a
    dripping wet raincoat (contextual evidence for
    pit is raining)
  • a. S Whats the weather like out there? Is it
    raining?
  • b. S Whats the weather like out there? Is it
    sunny?
  • Contextual evidence Evidence that has just
    become mutually available to the participants in
    the current discourse situation.
  • This definition excludes private beliefs of the
    participants as well as common knowledge which
    has been introduced into the common ground
    earlier on in the conversation, or which is there
    as a matter of convention.

9
Positive Polar Questions
  • A and S have conducted a psycholinguistic
    experiment in which the subjects have all
    certified that they are right-handed. They
    encounter Carl, who they recognize as one of
    their subjects, cutting bread with his left hand.
  • a. S Is Carl left-handed?
  • b. S Is Carl right-handed?
  • Carls cutting bread with this left hand is
    compelling evidence in isolation (doesnt need to
    be in the actual conversation).
  • No private beliefs or common knowledge but
    contextual evidence.

10
Evidence in Negative Polar Questions (INPQs)
  • A and S want to go out for dinner.
  • A Where do you want to go for dinner? (neutral
    context)
  • a. S Is there no vegetarian restaurant around
    here?
  • A and S want to go out for dinner.
  • A I bet we can find any type of restaurant you
    can think of in this city. Make your choice!
    (compelling contextual evidence for p)
  • a. S Is there no vegetarian restaurant around
    here?
  • A and S want to go out for dinner.
  • A Since you guys are vegetarians, we cant go
    out in this town, where its all meat and
    potatoes (compelling contextual evidence against
    p)
  • a. S Is there no vegetarian restaurant around
    here?
  • EVIDENCE CONDITION ON INPQ p? THERE IS
    COMPELLING CONTEXTUAL EVIDENCE AGAINST p.

11
Evidence in Negative Polar Questions (ONPQs)
  • A and S want to go out for dinner. S has been to
    Mosewood a couple of years back.
  • A Where do you want to go for dinner? (neutral
    context)
  • a. S Isnt there some vegetarian restaurant
    around here?
  • A and S want to go out for dinner.
  • A I bet we can find any type of restaurant you
    can think of in this city. Make your choice!
    (compelling contextual evidence for p)
  • a. S Is there no vegetarian restaurant around
    here?
  • A and S want to go out for dinner. S has been to
    Mosewood a couple of years back.
  • A Since you guys are vegetarians, we cant go
    out in this town, where its all meat and
    potatoes (compelling contextual evidence against
    p)
  • a. S Is there no vegetarian restaurant around
    here?
  • EVIDENCE CONDITION ON ONPQ p? THERE IS NO
    COMPELLING CONTEXTUAL EVIDENCE AGAINST p.

12
Evidence conditions
  • Evidence Conditions
  • PPQ there is no compelling evidence against p
  • ONPQ there is no compelling evidence for p
  • INPQ there is compelling evidence against p

13
Summary
  • Positive polar questions p are not completely
    neutral, but show an incompatibility with
    contexts that provide compelling evidence against
    p.
  • Morphosyntactic data from English and German
    confirm Ladds original distinction between outer
    and inner negation polar questions.
  • Notion of Compelling Contextual Evidence.

14
Català (Mallorca)
evidence - evidence
HL L -No hi ha cap restaurant vegetarià? (INPQ) Evidence against p. He had previously assumed the truth of the proposition there is a vegetarian restaurant around here, but he has now inferred from what Kathleen says that this proposition is actually false, and is using the NQ to check this new inference. -Hi ha un restaurant vegetarià? Evidence for p. -Hi ha cap restaurant vegetarià? (neutra) Neutral with respect to p.
HL L -No hi ha un restaurant vegetarià? (ONPQ) No evidence for p. She uses the negative question to ask for confirmation of something she believes to be true. ... The speaker believes... P and wants confirmation... what is being questioned is the speakers belief P. -Hi ha un/cap? restaurant vegetarià? ?
LH L -O/que hi ha un restaurant vegetarià? Evidence for p. -O/que no hi ha cap restaurant vegetarià? Evidence against p.
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