Disability Statistics in Measuring Some Gender Dimensions: Case India

1
Disability Statistics in Measuring Some Gender
DimensionsCase India

• S Chakrabarti
• Deputy Director General
• CSO, Govt. of India
• ESA/STAT/AC.219/26

2
Objectives

• Viewing the disability issue
• Size of the disabled macro views
• What some trends suggest- in terms of gender
  differentials
• Education, Employment and family living of the
  disabled men and women
• conclusion

3
The Data

• NSS household survey data of 1981, 1991, 2002
• collected from sample households for all persons
  with restrictions or lack of abilities to perform
  an activity in the manner or within the range
  considered normal for a human being
• excluded illness/injury of recent origin
  (morbidity) resulting into temporary loss of
  ability to see, hear, speak or move

4
Viewing the Issue

• Socio-economic dimensions of disability in terms
  of the barriers that disability conditions pose
  for free access to basic services and the
  consequential degree of social marginalization
  among persons with different types of disability,
  with differences on account of gender, caste,
  rural/ urban background etc.

5
Prevalence burden
Prevalence of disability per 1,00,000 persons for each sex and sector Prevalence of disability per 1,00,000 persons for each sex and sector Prevalence of disability per 1,00,000 persons for each sex and sector Prevalence of disability per 1,00,000 persons for each sex and sector Prevalence of disability per 1,00,000 persons for each sex and sector Prevalence of disability per 1,00,000 persons for each sex and sector
Type Of Disability Disabled Persons Per 1,00,000 Persons Disabled Persons Per 1,00,000 Persons Disabled Persons Per 1,00,000 Persons Disabled Persons Per 1,00,000 Persons Disabled Persons Per 1,00,000 Persons
Type Of Disability Rural Urban Male Female All Persons
Mental Retardation 92 100 115 72 94
Mental Illness 110 89 122 86 105
Blindness 210 140 171 214 192
Low Vision 86 54 68 87 77
Hearing Disability 310 236 296 285 291
Speech Disability 210 187 237 169 204
Locomotor Disability 1046 901 1217 785 1008
Any Disability 1846 1499 2000 1493 1755
6
Comparison of prevalence sizes
Hearing
Movement
7
Vision disability

• Slow decline between 1981 1991 followed by
  sharper drop between 1991 2002 possibly
  measures had effect
• Rural decline faster than urban decline between
  1981 2002
• Decline in prevalence of Womens disability in
  vision (51 in rural 46 in urban) compared
  mens (44 in urban and 38 in rural) contributed
  to faster decline for rural areas
• Male-Female gap is narrowing
• -8(2010) from -50 (2002)-rural
• -48(2010) from -65 (2002)-urban

Males 251 (2010 rural)
137 (2010 urban) Females 259 (2010 rural)
185 (2010 urban)
8
Hearing disability

• Rural decline (40) faster than urban decline
  (35) between 1981 2002
• Decline in prevalence of mens disability in
  hearing (33 in urban and 41 in rural) compared
  to womens (35 in rural as well as urban)
  contributed more to faster decline for rural
  areas
• Urban womens hearing disorder seems to be
  converging to urban mens level in prevalence
• Male-Female gap narrowing in rural areas, too
• 7(2010) from 19 (2002)-rural
• -7(2010) from -4 (2002)-urban

Males 293 (2010 rural)
217 (2010 urban) Females 286 (2010 rural)
224 (2010 urban)
9
Speech disability (5yr)

• Rural decline (28) slower than urban decline
  (31) between 1981 2002
• Decline in prevalence of mens disability in
  speech (33 in urban as well as in rural)
  compared to womens (19 in rural and 26 urban)
  contributed more to faster decline for urban
  areas
• Mainly a males problem, particularly urban
  females have the least prevalence
• Male-female gap tends to decrease
• 52(2010) from 70 (2002)-rural
• 58(2010) from 74 (2002)-urban

Males 222 (2010 rural)
196 (2010 urban) Females 170 (2010 rural)
138 (2010 urban)
10
Movement disability

• Prevalence is on the rise for men and women,
  rural or urban
• Rural increase (26) slower than urban increase
  (33) between 1981 2002
• Increase in prevalence of mens disability in
  movement (32 in urban and 22 in rural) compared
  to womens (58 in rural and 34 urban) tends to
  make womens problem more an issue in near future
• Mainly a males problem, and a urban phenomenon-
  rural prevalence tends to exceed urban by 2010
• Male-Female gap closing up, both rural and urban
• 403(2010) from 470 (2002)-rural
• 414(2010) from 328 (2002)-urban

Males 1440 (2010 rural)
1269 (2010 urban) Females 937 (2010 rural)
855 (2010 urban)
11
Literacy Gap( 7yr )
12
Literacy Gap( 7yr )

• Women with disabilities had 69 illiterates ag.
  44 illiterates among men with disabilities
• Among the literates, 19 women with disabilities
  had education upto primary level ag. 30 for
  disabled men

13
Enrolment Gap ( 5-18 yr)
No. per 1000 disabled In ordinary school In ordinary school In special school In special school
No. per 1000 disabled Rural Urban Rural Urban
Male 511 461 8 79
Female 420 421 4 145
14
Enrolment Gap ( 5-18 yr)

• 51 boys (5-18 yrs) with disabilities in rural
  areas enroled in ordinary schools ag.42 girls
  with disabilities
• Situation in urban areas no better for girls and
  even worse for boys
• Special school is mainly an urban phenomenon and
  serve the mentally disabled and the blinds
• 8 disabled boys and 14 disabled girls were in
  special schools in urban areas, of which about 2
  each were mentally disabled boys and girls
• In rural areas, enrolment in special schools for
  both boys and girls alike was negligible in
  absence of such facilities

15
Enrolment Gap ( 5-18 yr)

• Interestingly, children with movement disability
  and blindness had higher enrolment in ordinary
  schools than in special schools
• Blind girls however, had higher enrolment in
  special schools than blind boys- very low
  enrolment of blind girls in ordinary schools
• Disability itself was reported as the main reason
  for not attending any special schools for both
  boys (32.5) and girls (30.8) this speaks of
  deficiencies and inadequacy of special schooling
  methods

16
Employment gap (15-59 yrs)

• 62 disabled men in rural areas and 64 in urban
  areas were out of labour force ag. 89 disabled
  women in rural areas and 91 in urban areas
• Among the employed with disabilities, 36 were
  male and only 10 women these proportions were
  slightly higher in rural areas than in urban areas

17
Employment gap (15-59 yrs)
18
Employment Gap

• In general, 55 disabled men and 60 of disabled
  women were working in the primary sector- showing
  lobour imbalance against women with disabilities
• Lesser proportion of disabled women in secondary
  (16) and tertiary (22) sectors as compared to
  disabled mens proportions of 17 and 28
  respectively
• In rural areas the proportion of disabled men and
  disabled women in primary sector is the same (70)

19
Family life (All ages)

• Attitude towards the disabled is reflected in how
  they lead family life
• They are not generally left alone 3 only found
  living alone ag. 92 living with spouse and/or,
  family
• 45 of the disabled men were married, 47 never
  married and 8 widowed/ divorced / separated
• On the other hand, 31 of the disabled women were
  married, 39 never married and 30 widowed/
  divorced / separated

20
Family life (15 yr)
21
Family life (15 yr)

• 29 of the disabled (15) never married
• 22 women
• 33 men
• 49 of the disabled (15) married
• 39 women
• 57 men
• 20 of the disabled (15) widowed
• 28 widows
• 7 widowers

22
Care/Assistance

• 61 disabled men and 59 disabled women can take
  self-care without any aid/assistance
• Critical section for social measures comprises
  12 of disabled men and 15 of disabled women who
  can not take care of themselves even with
  aid/assistance

23
Conclusion

• Degree to which States measures to support
  participation of the disabled in the mainstream
  with rightful access to education, employment and
  personal activities must take into account the
  gender dimensions to make the interventions more
  inclusive and addressing the issue of burden on
  the abler, particularly the able women in the
  households, who stay indoors and do the care work
  unpaid for

24
Thanks