Ch01

1
Chapter 1

• ??

2
1. ??

• ?????????????????
• ???????,??????????????????,???????????,???????????
  ??????
• ??????????????????????,??????,??????????,????????
  ????,?????????????

3
1. ??(?)

• ??????????,????????????
• ?????????,?????????????,???????????????????
• ???????????????????,???????????

4
1.1 ?????????

• ??????????????????LISP?PROLOG??????(Rule-based)??
  ??(Frame-based)??????,?????CLIPS??????(Object-Orie
  nted)????????

5
1.1 ?????????(?)
?? ??
1943 ?????(Post Production Rules),McCulloch?Pitts Neuron Model
1954 ?????Markov???
1956 ??????(Dartmouth Conference)?????(Logic Theorist)???????(Heuristic Search)?????AI??????
1957 Rosenblatt??????(Perceptron)Newell, Shaw ?Simon?????????(General Problem Solver, GPS)
1958 ???(J. MaCarthy)??LISP (???????????)?
6
1.1 ?????????(?)
1962 Rosenblatt??????(Perceptron)??????(Neurodynamic)??
1965 ???(T. A. Robison)????????(Resolution Method of Automatic theorem),??????????? ??(Zadeh)??????(Fuzzy Logic)??? ?????????Dendral,???????????
1968 ????(Semantic Network), Quillian????????(associative memory model)
1969 Martin and Moses????MACSYMAN???????????
1970 ????????PROLOG (Colmerauer, Roussell, et. al.)
7
1.1 ?????????(?)
1971 HEARSAY I?????? ??(Rule)????? (Human Problem Solving)??????(Newell and Simon)
1973 ???????MYCIN(?????????????),????GUIDON???????(intelligent tutoring)(Clancey) ?TEIRESIAS????????EMYCIN????????????(shell)(Van Melle, Shortliffe and Buchanan) HEARSAY II??????????(blackboard model)
1975 ???(M. L. Minsky)????(Frame)???????
1976 ???????(Artificial Mathematician) ???Dempster-Shafer??(????????????), Dude, Hart??????PROSECTOR??????????
8
1.1 ?????????(?)
1977 OPS??(???????????????)????XCON/R1
1978 McDermott?DEC??XCON/R1,??????,??????????????? Buchaman??Meta-DENDRAL, metarules ????????(rule induction)
1979 Forgy??Rete???,??????(Production system)???????? AI????? Inference Corp.????(?1985???ART????????)
1980 LISP????(LISP Machine)???????
1982 SMP ??????Hopfield???????????????????????
9
1.1 ?????????(?)
1983 IntelliCorp??KEE?????????
1985 NASA??CLIPS?????????
1988 ?????????????????????????,?????????????
1997 ???????????????????????????????
1999 ????????????????????????????????
2000 ???????????????????????
2001 ????????????????????DRAMA??????????????
10
1.1 ?????????(?)

• ??????????????,????????????
• (1)?????????????
• (2)?????????????????,
• ??????????????????
• ????
• ??????????????????????,?????????????

11
1.2 ????V.S.????

• ???????????????????????????
• ?????????,???????????????????????????????
• ??,?????????????????????????????????????

12
1.2 ????V.S.????(?)

• ?????????,?????????????????????????????,?????,????
  ???????????????
• ?????????????????????????,???????????????

13
1.2 ????V.S.????(?)

• ?????????

14
1.2 ????V.S.????(?)

• ????(Expert System,ES)?????????????????
• ??????Edward Feigenbaum ???????????????,?????????
  ?????????????????????,????????????????????

15
1.2 ????V.S.????(?)

• ??????????,?????????????????(general
  purpose)??,?????????,???????????????????????
• ???,??????????????????????

16
1.3 ??????

• ?????????(Artificial Intelligence,
  AI)?????,?????????? (expert) ???????????
• ????????????????,????????,????????????????????????
  ???

17
1.3 ??????(?)

• ??????,??????(special purpose)??????(rule)?????,??
  ????????????(knowledge base)?,????????????????????
  ?(knowledge-based expert system),??????????(knowle
  dge-based system)Durkin94?

18
1.3 ??????(?)

• ?????????????

19
1.3 ??????(?)

• ??????????????????,?????????????????,??????????,??
  ????????,???????????,?????????????
• ?????????????????????,?????????????????

20
1.3 ??????(?)

• ???????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????
• ??????,???????????,???????????????

21
1.3 ??????(?)
????????????????? ?????????????????
???? ??
???? ????????????
???? ???????????????
???? ????????????
?? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????
22
1.4 ????????

• ?????????????
• ????-??????????
• ????-?????????????
• ????-???????????????
• ????-?????????????
• ????-???????????????
• ????-????????????

23
1.4 ????????(?)
???????????????
?? ?? ?? ???????
?? ?? DENDRAL ?????????????? ?,????????????? HPP,?????
?? ? GUIDON ????????????? (CAI)???????????? ?,?????????,?? ????????? HPP,?????
?? ? ITED ????????????,? ?????????????? ?,??????????? ??????
24
1.4 ????????(?)
??? MYCIN ????????????,???????????? HPP,?????
??? PUFF ????????????,???????????,??????????? HPP,?????
??? AEA ??????????,???????????,???????????,?????????????????????,????????????????????? ????
25
1.4 ????????(?)
???? R1/XCON ?????????,???VAX????? ??????????????
???? XSEL/XCON XSEL/XCON???,?????????????? ?????
26
1.4 ????????(?)
?? ?? EMYCIN ???MYCIN????????????????,??????????????PUFF?SACON???? HPP,?????
?? ?? NEXPERT ???????????????,???????? ????????
?? ?? OPS ???????????????,????????????R1?AIRPLAN???? ??????
?? ?? TEIRESIAS ?MYCIN??????????,??????????????????? HPP,?????
?? ?? CLIPS ???????????????,?C????,????????? ??????
?? ?? DRAMA ??NORM(New Object-Oriented Rule-base Model)???????????????????????????,????????????????? ????, ??????
27
1.4 ????????(?)
?? ?? PROSPECTOR ??????,?????????????? SRI International Co.
28
1.4 ????????(?)
???????????????(??)??,??????????,????????????
???? ??????
???? ????
?????????? ???????????
??????? ???????
????? ?????
??????? ?????????
29
1.4 ????????(?)

• ???????????????
• (1)??????????????,?????????????????????????
• (2)????????????????????
• (3)???????????
• (4)???????????????

30
1.4 ????????(?)

• ????????????????

• (1)?????
• (2)????
• (3)?????
• (4)???
• (5)????????
• ???
• (6)?????

• (7)????
• (8)?????
• (9)????????
• (10)?????

31
1.4 ????????(?)

• ???????,????????
• (1)????????
• (2)?????????????????
• ?????
• (3)?????????
• (4)????????????

32
1.5 ?????????

• ?????????????,?????????IF THEN???
• ????????????????????????,????????????????????????
• ????????????,??????????????,??????????????????????
  ??

33
1.5 ?????????(?)

• ?????????????????,?????????????-??????????
• ??????????????????,?????????
• ?????????????????????????????????

34
1.5 ?????????(?)

• ?????????

35
1.5 ?????????(?)

• ??????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????,??????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????? What
  if????????(Hypothetical reasoning)????

36
1.5 ?????????(?)

• ???????????????????,????????(Rule induction)
• ???????????????????????
• ?????????????(causal knowledge)?????????
• ???????????????????? ?????????????,??????????????

37
1.5 ?????????(?)

• ??????????????????????????????,???????????????????
  ,????????????????????????
• ????????????????,???????????????????,?????????????
  ????????,??????????????

38
1.6 ??????????? ???

• ?????????????????
• (1)??????????????????,???????????????????
• (2)?????????????,?????????????????????????
• (3)??????????????,???????????????

39
1.6 ??????????? ???(?)

• ???????????
• ????????????
• ????????
• ??????????
• ????????????????
• ????????????
• ???????????

40
1.6 ??????????? ???(?)

• ????
• (1)??????????????????????
• (2)??????????????????????????
• ????????????????,????????????????????

41
1.7 ?????????

• ???????????????,??????????????????????????????????
  ?,??????????????????
• ???????????,?????????????????????????

42
1.7 ?????????(?)

• ????????????????????????,???????????
• ?????????????????,??????????????,?????????,??????
• ?????Jeff Papows??16??????,???????????
• ????????????????????????,???????????,??????????

43
1.7 ?????????(?)

• ???????????????????????,????????????????,????????
  ??????????,??????????????
• ????Fischer?Ostwald????????????????????,?????????
  ????????????????????????????????,????????????,???
  ?????????????,???????????????????????

44
1.7 ?????????(?)

• ???????
• ??????????????
• ????????????????????????????????
• ???????????,???????????
• ???????????
• ?????????????
• ?????????????????????
• ????????????????
• ???????????????????

45
1.7 ?????????(?)

• ??????????????????????????,???????????????????????
  ,????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????,????????????????????????

46
1.7 ?????????(?)

• ??????????????????????????,??????????????????????,
  ???
• OA??????????
• ??????????
• ???????????????
• ??????????

47
1.7 ?????????(?)

• ???????????????
• (1)??????????????,??????????????
• (2)?????????????,????????????????
• (3)????????,????????????
• (4)??????????
• (5)????????????
• (6)??????????????
• (7)??????
• (8)???????????????????

48
1.8 ?????? v.s. ????

• ????????????????
• (1)?????????????????
• (2)?????????????????
• ?????,????????
• ?????????????,????????????????????????????,???????
  ???,??,???????????????

49
1.8 ?????? v.s. ??? ?(?)
50
1.8 ?????? v.s. ??? ?(?)
51
1.8 ?????? v.s. ??? ?(?)

• ??????????????????????????(Decision Support
  System , EDSS)?????????(Expert System for
  Management, ESM)?
• ?????????????????????????
• ???????????,???????????,??????????????????????,???
  ??????????

52
??

• ????????,????????????
• ??????????,????????????
• ???????????,??????????
• ????????(DEC)???????(??XCON, XSEL),???????????????
  ?,?????????????????
• ???????????????????,??????

53
THE END