GRAMMAR AND CONVENTIONS

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GRAMMAR AND CONVENTIONS
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SENTENCES

• There are 4 types of sentences
• Simple sentences
• Compound sentences
• Complex sentences
• Compound-complex sentences

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SIMPLE SENTENCES

• Simple sentences are sentences that have only one
  independent clause.
• EXAMPLE
• Billy took the boys fishing after school.
• Today was hot and dry.

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COMPOUND SENTENCES

• A compound sentence is a sentence made up of two
  or more simple sentences joined by a semicolon or
  a comma and the conjuctions AND, BUT, OR, NOR,
  FOR, SO and YET. It can contain two or more
  independent clauses.
• EXAMPLE
• Gladis took the car to the mechanic, but she
  forgot to bring her checkbook.

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COMPLEX SENTENCES

• A complex sentence is a sentence containing one
  independent clause and one or more dependent
  clauses. Relative pronouns and subordinating
  conjuctions are used to connect the sentences
  together.
• EXAMPLE
• Because the lobby was filled with smoke, the
  elderly man could not enter the building.

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COMPOUND-COMPLEX

• Compound-Complex sentences contain two or more
  compound sentences and one or more complex
  sentences.
• Example
• Before we buy shoes, my mom looks for bargains,
  but sometimes we splurge.

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COMMON ERRORS

• SENTENCE FRAGMENTS
• RUN-ON SENTENCES
• COMMA SPLICES

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SENTENCE FRAGMENTS

• A SENTENCE FRAGMENT IS A COLLECTION OF WORDS THAT
  DOES NOT MAKE A SENTENCE
• EXAMPLE
• All this years best peaches
• The best way back to the house

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RUN-ON SENTENCES

• WHEN A COMMA IS USED IN THE PLACE OF A PERIOD,
  SEMICOLON, OR COMMA AND COORDINATING CONJUCTION
  (and but or for nor yet so) TO JOIN TWO COMPLETE
  SENTENCES, SOMETIMES ALL PUNCTUCATION IS OMITTED.
• EXAMPLE
• Joseph went to school and the dog stayed at home

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CORRECTING RUN-ONS

• USE TWO SENTENCES
• Joseph went to school. The dog stayed at home.
• ADD A SEMICOLON
• Joseph went to school the dog stayed at home.
• ADD A COMMA AND COORDINATING CONJUCTION
• Joseph went to school, but the dog stayed home

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COMMA SPLICES

• PUNCTUATION ERRORS IN WHICH TWO INDEPENDENT
  CLAUSES ARE JOINED ONLY BY A COMMA, WITH NO
  COORDINATING CONJUCTION (and but or for nor yet
  so)
• EXAMPLE
• Youre going to a concert, you cant wear that

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CORRECTING SPLICES

• USE TWO SENTENCES
• You are going to a concert. You cant wear that.
• ADD A SEMICOLON
• You are going to a concert you cant wear that.
• ADD A COORDINATING CONJUCTION
• You are going to a concert, but you cant wear
  that.
• MAKE THE CLAUSES DEPENDENT
• You are going to a concert, youd better not wear
  that.

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PUNCTUATION

• COMMAS
• QUOTATION MARKS
• COLONS
• SEMICOLONS
• END PUNCTUATION

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COMMAS

• SEPARATE INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
• RESTRICTIVE PHRASES
• DIRECT ADDRESS
• BEFORE AND AFTER QUOTATIONS
• BETWEEN THE DATE AND YEAR
• AFTER STREET ADDRESS AND P.O. BOX

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QUOTATION MARKS

• SIGNIFY A DIRECT QUOTATION AND INCLUDE
  PUNCTUATION MARKS INSIDE THEM

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COLONS

• SEPARATE SERIES CLAUSES
• INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
• USED IN TIME-KEEPING

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SEMICOLONS

• SPLIT INDEPENDENT CLAUSES THAT ARE
• JOINED BY SENTENCE INTERRUPTORS
• JOINED BY COMMAS

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END PUNCTUATION

• PERIODS
• EXCLAMATION POINTS
• QUESTION MARKS