Environmental Science PowerPoint Lecture

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Environmental Science PowerPoint Lecture
Principles of Environmental Science - Inquiry and
Applications, 2nd Edition, 2004 by William and
Mary Ann Cunningham
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Chapter 6 - Topics

• World Forests
• Rangelands
• Parks and Nature Preserves
• World Parks and Preserves
• Wilderness Areas and Wildlife Refuges

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Where collect forest products? Where forests
located globally?
HERE?
Human Disturbance Map
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FAO 1999,WRI 1998-1999
GLOBE
Forests, woodlands 33 land area
Ice, rock, desert etc. 32
Range, Pastures 23
Ag 10
66 area in RESOURCE EXTRACTION
Built land 2
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Who imports wood, who cuts trees?
Oceania
Europe
3
4
Asia
South America
14
25
15
Africa
24
16
Former USSR
North/ Central America
of Total Area in Forests Globally
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Main vegetation zones of the worlds forests
under natural conditions
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Part 1 World Forests

70-80 of original

30 of original
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Global Wood Use ,
86
51
49
14
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World Consumption, 1994 ( of total)
Fuelwood Fiber paper products Non-fiber roundwood
Asia 93 1 6
Africa 81 6 13
South Am 50 31 19
former USSR 44 17 39
N/Cen Am 21 37 41
Europe 15 33 52
Oceania 7 14 79
TOTAL 56 18 25
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DEFORESTATION Charcoal production Northern
Brazil
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Outside New Delhi, India houses made of cow
piles
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Himalayas - India
Collecting leaves for fodder
Harvesting resin
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Forest Products
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India Himalayas cutting trees for fire wood
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Manikara zapota (chicle), Belize
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Wood Consumption

• Total annual world wood consumption is about 3.7
  billion metric tons, more then steel and plastic
  consumption together.
• Firewood accounts for slightly more than 50 of
  all wood harvested worldwide.
• Developed countries produce less than half of all
  wood used for industrial purposes, but account
  for about 80 of its consumption.
• By 2025, demand for fuelwood may be twice the
  available supply.

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• About 25 of the worlds forests are managed for
  wood production.
• Monoculture forestry - single species
• Ideal scientific planning for sustainable
  harvests

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Some Causes of Tropical Deforestation

• Logging for valuable hardwoods such as mahogany
• Clearing of land for cattle ranches and export
  crop production (bananas, pineapples, palm oil
  plantations etc.)
• Slash and burn agriculture this is listed by
  the text but is such a different level that it
  should not be included in this list
• Mining - gold

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Tropical Forest Issues
Estimated rate of tropical forest losses
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North Brazil
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Malaysia, palm oil
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DEFORESTATION Valued timber species - Indonesia
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Cutting and burning of tropical rainforest
results in

• Wildlife loss, over hunting
• Habitat loss, species changes
• Rapid water runoff
• Soil erosion
• Waste forest resources
• Climate change other parts of world (Amazon)

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Logging roads open up forest access to landless
settlers
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• Forest acres in USA between 1600 1992 (decrease
  46 to 32)

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Temperate Forest Issues

• Logging of old-growth
• Endangered species vs. jobs
• Northern spotted owl
• Salmon
• Natural resource extractive economies rural
  environments

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Driving negative reactions to forest management

• Clear-cutting
• Use of single species in monocultures
• Road construction to harvest forests

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Clear-cutting and Road Building
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Fire Management and Forest Health
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Solutions to Decrease Forest Loss Rates

• Forest Certification
• Forest Protection (12 of forests protected
  globally)
• Integrated Conservation and Sustainable
  Development projects
• Debt-for-Nature Swaps (1st in Bolivia)

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Rationales for Certification

• Social movement in tropics
• Dislike of past land practices
• Mistrust of landowners
• Disjunction between production and consumers

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Why Consider Forest Certification?

• Public concern over globalization
• Public want more values/land
• Supply chain increasingly scrutinized
• Retailers prefer credible suppliers
• Consolidation strengthens buyers
• Non-Tariff trade barriers will increase
• Global markets impact US markets
• Gain market share and efficiency
• Improve market prices and stability
• Increase industry profitability