Permanent Hair Removal

1
Permanent Hair Removal Electrolysis

• Vickie L.Mickey, CT, CLHRP

2
Electrolysis

• Only proven method of permanent hair removal
  recognized by FDA
• No published studies
• 1875 Charles Michelle invented method removing
  ingrown eyelash!
• Electrolysis - process
• Electrology - science profession
• Electrologist - professional

3
Three Modalities of electrolysis

• Thermolysis
• Galvanic Electrolysis
• Blend

4
Electrolysis

• Galvanic current DC
• Moves in one direction
• Chemical decomposition of follicle
• Current causes salts water in skin to form
  sodium hydroxide (lye)
• Hydrogen gas chlorine gas form bubble can
  appear at surface of skin
• Method effective but time consuming
• Accuracy makes up for time

5
Experiment Effects of Lye on Skin

• Lay lye on a piece of meat
• Crystal will dissolve
• Puddle will form
• Tissue decomposed caustic action of lye

6
Experiment 2

• Fill glass with water
• Add 2 tsp. salt
• Stir until salt dissolves
• Place positive ground (hand held ground) in
  water.
• Place needle in the needle holder (not all the
  way)
• Turn on DC turn up the power
• Insert needle into water
• Notice hydrogen bubble

7
Experiment 3

• Repeat 2 using distilled water
• Current will not flow through demineralized water
• Add salt slowly the meter rises with the
  addition of conductive material

8
Pouring Lye in Follicle? How do we do that?

• Galvanic machine turned on
• Rectifier produces DC
• Rheostat controls intensity of current flow
• Millampere meter gauges the flow of current
• Needle holder is attached to the negative cord
  jack on front of unit
• Footswitch is attached to the jack on back of
  unit
• Needle or probe is placed in needle holder
• Needle is placed in patients skin
• Footswitch is depressed , releasing current flow
• Chemical action of current produces lye
• Electrical current returns to the positive
  terminal of the unit

9
Galvanic Current Pros Cons

• Offers highest success rate in hair removal
• Accurate insertions are not as critical as
  current runs along the complete needle surface
• Distorted follicles respond to DC
• Lye produced in follicle continues to destroy
  follicle after treatment is over
• Very slow method minutes per follicle
• Multi-needle much better
• Can have shocking pain sensation when current
  develops in follicle
• Incorrect cord set-up can cause tattooing
• New equipment has a ramping feature to gradually
  build current.

10
Variables Affecting Galvanic Current

• Lye gradient the concentration of lye produced
  in the hair follicle.
• Treatment energy current duration current
  density.
• These factors affect delivery of lye to the probe
  tip.
• Dermal papilla must receive enough lye.

11
Galvanic Dos Donts

• Follow manufactures guidelines.
• Make sure the negative cord is attached to the
  negative jack to avoid tattooing.
• Do not use tapered needles.
• Do not pulse with galvanic current.
• Cataphoresis reduces redness but not necessary.

12
Thermolysis

• Dr. Bordier developed the first thermolysis of
  hair in 1923.
• Published results in 1932.
• Thermo Greek word for Heat.
• Ysis means to dissolve.
• AC current.
• Referred to as high-frequency shortwave
• Easy to learn by practitioner

13
Thermolysis Methods

• Manual
• Semi-manual
• Computerized
• Thermolysis methods can range from unit design

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How Thermolysis Works

• Requires a conductor to deliver current
• Current can travel though air via sound waves
• Needle is the conductor in the follicle
• Operates at 30 megahertz 30,000,000 times per
  second

15
Alternating Current

• To understand thermolysis one must understand
  alternating current.
• Imagine a plastic tube filled with balls that fit
  tightly into inside space of the tube. The balls
  have a string attached to them as soon as the
  ball is pushed into the tube you will pull back
  on it. This action creates a suction, as the
  balls are pulled toward you. Repeat this process
  over and over and you have created alternating
  current affect.

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Alternating Current

• Electrical generators create the push and pull
  phenomenon by rapidly changing an electrical
  charge from the negative to the positive.
  Negative charges push the electrons out into the
  power lines and positive charge pulls it back.
• One - back and forth motion is called a cycle.
• Sixty cycles per second is standard American
  household current.

17
High Frequency Current

• Imagine this back-and-forth motion accelerated to
  million cycles per second.
• This incredible rate is said be oscillating.
• This quickened movement is called mega cycles
  millions of cycles per second.
• Blend epilators produce current output of 13.56
  megacycles. 13 million back-andforth electrons
  per second.
• Oscillating current is called high frequency or
  HF.

18
Hertz Megahertz

• Hertz the car rental?
• No, Hertz Megahertz are named for Heinrich
  Hertz.
• More common names are cycles and megacycles
  because these terms express the cycling or
  oscillation process.
• Abbreviations for Hertz is Hz MHz for
  Megahertz.

19
Radio Waves

• Imagine a plastic tube representing a wire with
  electrons moving back and forth a million times
  per second. Suddenly, this energy is emitted
  into the air, from the entire length of the wire.
  This is called radio wave emission!
• Do you know what radio waves are? No one does!
• Electrologist know what these waves do to human
  tissue! Tell me what do they do?

20
Tissue Heating

• 1899 scientists discovered that human tissue
  could be heated by high frequency.
• Experimentation in 1920s 1930s demonstrated
  the benefits HF Current.
• Diathermy was produced by numerous medical
  devices for applications in heating muscles and
  soft tissue.

21
Tissue Destruction

• HF can produce enough heat to cause necrosis
  (permanent tissue destruction).
• Different degrees of HF used on medicine produce
  specific results such electrodessication, electro
  coagulation, and electro section.

22
Electrocoagulation

• Low level tissue destruction tissue is clotted
  and rendered dysfunctional, but not dried out!
• Electrodessication is severe tissue destruction
  by heat that dehydrates.
• Dermatologist use HF devices call hyfrecator to
  burn off moles and other unwanted tissue.

23
HF Epilators

• Produce electrocoagulation by converting liquids
  in the tissue , such as blood to produce a
  jell-like state!
• HF denatures tissue proteins (the cooking
  process).

24
Coagulation Term Used in Profession

• Technically this term may not be accurate within
  our profession, but used for nearly a century.
• Terms clot, cook denature and coagulate are
  commonly used as a synonyms to denote tissue
  destruction by HF.

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Other Names for High Frequency

• Short Wave
• Radio Frequency
• High Frequency is the most universal term!

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Hinkel Explains HF

• All matter is composed of atoms. Atoms have
  positive charged protons and negatively charged
  protons. The presence of a negative charged
  proton in the tissue causes an attraction and
  electrons are repelled. Similarly, a positive
  charge attracts electrons and repels protons.

27
High Frequency Needle

• Produces a radio wave when inserted into the
  skin, the electric field causes certain atoms to
  become excited. These atoms are pushed and pulled
  by rapidly changing polarity. Agitated atoms
  vibrate against each other and generate heat by
  friction.
• Did you know that the needle does not get hot?
• The tissue around the needle become hot because
  of the surrounding HF waves or field.
• Did you know that the heat felt during treatment
  is the vibration of the molecules against one
  another!

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HF Heating

• Hf is more intense in conductive substances
  containing saltwater. The more conductive the
  substance the hotter it will get!
• Dry material cannot conduct high frequency.
• Invisible radio wave energy radiates from the
  entire needle, but it is concentrated at the tip!
  This is called the Point Effect!

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Summary

• Remember
• Epilator produces HF current.
• HF current creates radio waves around the needle.
• Energy fields causes friction in the wet tissues.
• Generation of heat results in tissue destruction
  which kills the follicle.

30
Point Effect

• Electrical current merges concentrates on sharp
  pointed objects.
• Lightening Rods have a sharp pointed end.
• The needle like shape works to conduct lightening
  to the ground.
• The point effect is perfect for hair removal,
  because the tip produces more energy, coagulation
  is initially concentrated in the lower follicle.

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Heating Pattern

• DC the lye pattern flows out along the entire
  needle, the lye is uniform in formation.
• HF starts at the tip of the needle and progresses
  upward.
• HF current climb takes place because the current
  always flows to the wettest, most conductive
  material.

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Hotter Closer To The Needle

• HF patterns climbs away from the needle,
  coagulation continues to take place in all the
  treated tissue.
• Tip tissue - exposed to HF longer.
• Highest temperatures at core nearest needle tip.
• Temperature drops off and becomes too low to
  affect tissue as it moves up.

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Denatured Protein

• When animal tissue is heated to a high enough
  temperature, the protein is denatured.
• Regardless if you boil, fry, bake, or microwave
  animal tissue you coagulate liquids and denature
  the tissue protein.
• HF current is similar to the current in a
  microwave oven, the energy radiates from the
  tissue and denatures the tissue.

34
Egg White Analogue

• Egg whites are protein, like human tissue.
• Fill a small metal container with raw egg white.
• Wet your hand with water, cradle and hold
  container. Wet hand grounds the HF.
• Insert needle into egg white apply HF.
• High HF intensity coagulates at the tip of needle
  and moves upwards.

35
TIDS

• Variables of Time, Intensity, Depth of insertion
  and Size needle (TIDS) drastically change how HF
  cooks tissue.
• Human tissue coagulation intensifies,
  temperatures increase with longer exposure to HF
  current.
• Steaks become hotter and more well-done the
  longer the pan remains on the fire.
• The follicle cooks with longer HF flow!
• If we leave the needle in the egg whites longer,
  the higher temperatures and more intense cooking
  develops within the pattern closer to the needle.

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Intensity Variable

• As HF intensity raises, the tissue is cooked
  faster.
• Higher HF intensity causes intense tissue
  coagulation , as the intensity is increased the
  larger the heating pattern forms.

37
Depth Variable

• Most misunderstood variable is needle depth!
• A deep needle insertion disperses the HF current
  over a larger surface areas, causing a slower
  cooking.
• Shallow insertion concentrates the current and
  causes more intense tissue destruction.
• Most common error causes serve damage to the skin
  in a too shallow insertion.

38
Size Variable

• Needle diameter greatly affects how HF destroys
  tissue.
• Thin needles produce more cooking than thicker
  needles. Thin needles concentrate the HF to a
  smaller areas.
• Larger needles concentrate the HF to a greater
  surface areas.
• Many electrologist use too small of a needle
  size, thus causing over treatment.
• Choose a needle the size of the hair!!

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TIDS Conclusion

• Only you can control the TIDS variable.
• Always consider when using HF on a patient!

40
Moisture Gradient

• Moisture Gradient of the follicle helps
  concentrate coagulation in the lower follicle
  area, your target!
• It protects the upper dermis area!
• The blood vessels in the dermis are like a car
  radiator, it carries the HF heat away!

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HF Too Low

• Low intensity may be less painful, however the
  target area is missed!
• Upper dermis is coagulated!
• HF current used lower than correct blend values
  results in coagulation in the middle of the
  needle and progresses upwards.
• If the patient feels almost nothing the HF
  current is too LOW!

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HF Too High

• Dire consequences can result!
• Extreme HF creates a heating pattern that climbs
  the needle so rapidly that using manual timing is
  unthinkable.
• Fast current rise can result in pitted scars.
• Some epilators produce HF levels that are too
  high!

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Flash Method

• The Kree company out of New York developed the HF
  in automatic thermolysis. Known as the Kree
  Method.
• Current is on for ½ second very high HF.
• Nearly all epilators are capable of the so called
  Flash technique.
• High HF produces a narrow heating pattern that
  rapidly climbs the needle.
• High current can produce blistering temperatures,
  a sizzle, and dry-out the tissue.
• Super Flash is the modern version of flash. This
  method emits HF for a fraction of 100th of a
  second. Can cause a sparkler effect.

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Flash Method Continued

• Large to medium hairs require several super
  flashes at varying depths.
• HF Super Flash current is applied at the bottom,
  middle, and top of the follicle.
• Ensures entire follicle is treated!

45
HF Blow-Out

• Dr. James Shuster describes the devastating
  effect of using ultra high HF as HF Blow-out.
• HF Blow-out is when intense HF current converts
  water in the tissue to steam that blows out of
  the follicle,
• Sizzle is heard as steam escapes from the
  follicle opening.
• The lower follicle fills with non-conductive
  steam that prevents coagulation of the lower
  follicle.
• Hair Regrows and the skin is Overtreated!
• Flash users have been told that the sebum is
  being cooked.
• A puff of smoke, smell of burning tissue, result
  in the needle drying out the skin with tissue
  stuck to the needle.
• This drastic level of tissue destruction is
  totally unnecessary.

46
Manual HF

• Correct blend levels of HF are much lower than
  flash.
• Manually controlled.
• Low current may flow up to 20 seconds.
• Low current creates the preferred broad heating
  pattern.
• Tissue is coagulated not dried out.
• Technician has time to control tissue
  destruction.
• Manual low intensity HF, as in the blend, results
  in less over treatment!

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Measuring The HF

• All epilators produce a fixed range of HF
  intensities.
• Measured in voltage.
• Average blend epilator produces 0 to 100 volts.
• Average flash epilator produces 50 300 volts.
• Face panel numbers indicate the HF levels, some
  use meters.
• Indicates epilators output only, energy within
  follicle is not measured as in DC meters.

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Receptivity Factor

• HF entering the follicle is directly proportional
  to the amount of moisture in the tissue.
• Skin has a receptivity factor for HF.
• Turn your HF dial to 50 volts, insert needle into
  leather, nothing happens. Why?
• Use same setting on moist young skin and heating
  tissue destruction occurs.
• Each patient has different skin moisture,
  therefore HF output produces different current
  levels in each patient and body area.

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Follicle Temperature

• Level of destruction in the follicle is
  determined by the temperature achieved in the
  tissue.
• No meter exists that can measure actual
  temperature in the follicle.
• One must rely on well-designed machine output
  indicators to give idea of temperature produced.
• Cell injury can begin at only 105 degrees.
• Coagulation of human tissue takes place between
  127 degrees to 212 degrees.
• Above 212 degrees (the boiling point) tissue is
  desiccated), deprived of water.
• Severe burning takes place at 240 degrees!
• Correctly designed blend epilators has HF output
  that produces only coagulation temperatures. 35
  to 90 volts encompass that range in the blend
  method.

50
Capacitive Return

• HF does not require the use of hand-held ground.
• For unknown reasons, radio waves are able to
  travel from the patient into the air and return
  to the epilator.
• This phenomenon is called capacitive return.
• Research has shown that certain epilators require
  less voltage when the hand held ground is used.

51
HF Overtreatment

• Used for over 70 years without documented adverse
  side effects.
• Destructive capacity of HF is much more than DC.
• Over treatment with blend is always caused by
  improper HF.

52
HF The Curved Follicle

• Hair that is naturally curly or kinky has
  curved follicles.
• Degree of curve to the follicle makes accurate
  needle-insertions more difficult.
• Sodium hydroxide produced by DC is capable of
  reaching the areas outside of HF field.
  Therefore single needle or multi-needle galvanic
  is better on these patients.
• Galvanic current fills a need in our work and is
  the basis for the blend-current method.

53
Pacemakers

• Emit electrical stimuli at either a constant-rate
  or on-demand.
• Constant rate pacemakers might be adversely
  affected by HF emissions form the epilator.
• Most pacemakers have built in safety factors such
  as electro-magnetic shields.
• Rarely does the HF field cause clinical problems.
• Before treating a patient with a pacemaker you
  must get written approval from the attending
  physician and the manufacture of the device.
• Unstable cardiac patients with pacemakers must
  not be treated!
• Do not work directly overlying a pacemaker, due
  to possible interference of HF.

54
Pregnancy

• For the same legal reason do not work on pregnant
  women, unless you get written permission form the
  patients doctor.

55
The Blend

• Hinkles scientific methods and willingness to
  share information was his greatest gift to our
  profession.
• Blend is considered the golden method of
  electrology.
• Both HF and DC flow from the needle at the same
  time.
• Hinkle analogy of Blend current best illustrates
  the dual-current phenomenon.

56
Blend Effects

• Combining the DC HF does not change the
  integrity or unique way of destroying the tissue.
• DC flows producing lye to decompose the tissue
  and the HF coagulates the follicle.
• The interaction of the current in blending is
  complicated and not totally understood, but they
  profoundly enhance treatment speed and
  efficiency.
• Combining the two currents produce better
  results than the individual current could attain.

57
Hinkles Findings

• The lye is more reactive in the blend.
• All chemicals react faster when heated.
• Studies in the Netherlands confirmed the action
  of heat on lye.
• Normal blend temperature is 140F to 160F, lye
  causticity is four times greater than at body
  temperature.

58
Hinkle's Findings

• When the HF coagulation renders the cell a porous
  mass, it then breaks the cell membrane to release
  moisture and denatured protein molecule. This
  makes the cell more permeable to enable the lye
  to penetrate the cooked mass.

59
Hinkle's Findings

• Turbulence from the HF in the follicle causes the
  tissue to churn, lye produced by the DC is forced
  into hidden crevices of the follicle. Hinkle
  believed this help to destroy the follicle.
• Hinkle also contended that when the two currents
  flow at the same time the HF heating pattern
  supersedes the DC lye pattern.
• He believed that the HF controlled the DC and was
  the master current.

60
DC HF Experiments

• This experiment demonstrates several important
  characteristics of the DC HF currents.
• Note non-living tissue reacts differently
  however these test will demonstrate visible
  evidence

61
Schusters Findings

• Dr. Schuster studies suggest that DC electrons
  flow through the skin, lye forms in the tissue
  itself.
• Schusters studies do not show that HF alters the
  DC.
• Schuster doubts that HF causes tissue
  permeability.
• Schuster supports Hinkles notion of increased
  lye reactivity.

62
Conclusion

• Bono believes that the laboratory experiments are
  attempts to describe the blend! Blend is a
  proven method for over 50 years!
• Arthur Hinkle never invented methodology based
  solely on laboratory findings or theory concepts.
  
• Hinkle observed countless expert blend
  technicians and them attempted to understand the
  results.

63
Research Conclusion

• DC creates lye that decomposes the follicle.
• HF heats saltwater in the tissue, thus increases
  lye efficiency.
• Deep coarse hair in moist skin creates a high
  receptive factor which can result in over
  treatment.
• Such hairs have big target areas requiring ample
  treatment.
• DC alone takes too long to eliminate course hair.
• HF generates a narrow heating pattern that can
  miss the target!
• The lethal combination of coagulation and hot lye
  is disseminated in the lower follicle before the
  HF rises.
• Hair is destroyed without over treatment.
• The blend can make up for inaccurate insertions
  by the broad destructive pattern.

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Classic Blend

• 1. Choose needle size about the size of the
  hair. Correct needle size guards against HF over
  treatment.
• 2. Needle length approximate the exact depth of
  the follicle. Do depth gauge!
• a. Short needles for small to medium hairs.
• b.Regular needles for larger hairs.
• c.Tapered needles come in different lengths.
  Choose one that is longer than you think
  necessary.

65
Classic Blend

• 3. Position needle in needle-holder, tighten the
  pin-vise.
• 4. Once a year check pin-vise they should not
  close with a circle or hole in middle. If so
  replace the needle holder as it will not permit
  proper electrical contact.
• 5. Finger Position use what works best of you.
• 6. Stretch the skin use the thumb and first
  finger to hold the tweezers and needle holder,
  use remaining fingers to gently press and stretch
  the skin.

66
Classic Blend

• Did you know that recent research proves that
  stretching the skin does not permit the needle to
  slide into the follicle?
• Dr. Shusters experimentations demonstrate that
  the needle does penetrate the outer root sheath.
• Stretching firms and stabilizes the skin as the
  needle punctures the bloodless outer root sheath.

67
Classic Blend

• Insertion aim the needle tip at the
  follicle opening. Align the needle to the first
  millimeter of the hair shaft emerging from the
  follicle.
• The first millimeter of the shaft points you to
  the exact location in most cases.
• This is referred to as the Pathfinder.
• This hair is fresh out of the follicle and
  relatively moist.
• Keep needle stationary as the current coagulates
  the follicle.
• Subtle movement to verify insertion accuracy can
  be done by moving the needle to the other side of
  the follicle. If needle is perfectly inserted the
  hair wags like a dogs tail!

68
Classic Blend

• Establishing depth gauge after thoroughly
  coagulating an anagen hair, remove the needle
  from the follicle. Place tweezers at skin level.
  Grasp the hair and epilate. The epilated root and
  the hair shaft are the depth gauge.
• Note your correct needle depth!
• As you continue the treatment, a tiny DC froth
  sticks to your needle exactly at skin level. This
  is another indicator of correct insertion depth!

69
Classic Blend

• HF current controls the HF coagulation and DC lye
  in the follicle.
• Establish your HF first!!!
• Think of your epilator intensity dial is just
  like a radio volume control. As it increases the
  current strength goes up.
• Like the radio increases, the control until the
  tissue coagulation takes place.
• When the patient feels tissue being destroyed you
  have reached your working point.

70
Classic Blend

• Automatic blend epilators are not the classic
  manual blend.
• Follow instruction manual to disable all
  automatic functions.
• Find starting point on epilator, should be in
  manual. It will be a specific number such as 3
  or it may be a number on the HF meter.

71
Classic Blend

• Confirm the starting point by setting the
  epilator at the lowest HF setting.
• Insert into a medium size hair on your arm, you
  should feel mild current in 2-3 seconds. Keep the
  current on for 20 seconds.
• If these conditions are met your epilator is
  correctly set.
• Begin treatments at your starting point, allow
  the patient to get used to the low current, then
  gradually advance HF.

72
Classic Blend

• Repeat this process several times, increasing HF
  intensity slightly each time that you coagulate
  and epilate a new hair.
• Communicate with the patient, let them know that
  your are trying to find their pain tolerance.
• Remember that most West Coast electrologists use
  the two hand technique, which enable them to
  count the seconds that it takes to have the hair
  release with progressive epilation.

73
Classic Blend

• The working point reveals the skins electrical
  resistance.
• Dry skin has higher resistance, more HF is
  needed, and vice versa for moist skin.
• The HF working point is your electrical conduit
  for DC.
• Early pioneers were confronted with obstacles as
  to how to combine two currents.

74
Classic Blend

• HF is considered the dominant current, DC can
  block or flood-out the HF.
• If DC is too high, the HF flow can be reduced.
• Hinkle realized that the correct amount of lye
  was necessary, therefore named the measurement
  the unit of Lye.
• Hinkle defined the unit of lye as the product of
  the amount current (in DC milliamperes)
  multiplied by the time current flow in seconds.

75
Classic Blend

• For 20 yrs. Hinkle studied and collected data
  regarding the units of lye formulation.
• Small vellus hairs require 15 units of lye, 30
  units on small terminal hairs, Medium require 45
  units, large terminal need 60 units, and very
  large need 80 units.
• He learned that all hairs epilate with HF 3-20
  seconds.

76
Classic Blend

• Hinkles simple formula for blend is divide
  units of lye by seconds of epiliation time.
• Example judge a hair to need 30 units of lye,
  the time to epilate is 10 seconds. Divide the 30
  units by 10 seconds and you get 3.
• The number three is the setting for your DC meter
  3mA.
• If the numbers are not even set the DC meter to
  the nearest round number.
• Do not use the seconds counter, count the seconds
  yourself.

77
Classic Blend Summary

• The basic steps you have learned will become
  second nature.
• Choose correct needle size, find your HF working
  point, set the DC meter!
• You got it!

78
DC HF Experiments

• Hinkle's Meat Experiment demonstrate several
  characteristics of current.
• Current will react differently in meat as it is
  not living tissue.
• These tests will give visible evidence of how DC
  HF acts on human skin.

79
What You Need

• 1. Beefsteak fresh and moist with a little fat.
  A small cube of meat is all you will need.
• 2. Glass of saltwater mix 2 teaspoons of salt in
  water.
• 3. Sheet of Aluminum Foil

80
Basic Setup

• Place meat on aluminum foil.
• Wet the meat with saltwater this grounds meat
  to aluminum and moistens the meat for a good
  electrical conduction.
• Roll the DC ground up in the aluminum foil.
• Wet your hand with saltwater and firmly hold the
  aluminum foil and ground this grounds the HF.
• Check all cords are connected properly.
• Use a .004 inch diameter needle.
• Periodically moisten the meat and your hand with
  saltwater in ensure proper electrical contact.

81
Test 1DC

1. Lay needle on meat.
2. Set DC meter to 0.5 mA (5 tenths milliamperes).
3. Allow current to flow 2-4 minutes. Observe narrow
   pattern of lye form with hydrogen bubbles.
4. Stop current, wipe away foam with finger.
5. Observe groove that has formed as meat dissolved.
   There is not cooking of tissue.
6. Repeat this experiment using 1.0 mA, observe much
   faster DC lye formation.

82
Test 2 DC Inserted

• 1. Insert needle deeply into meat.
• 2 Turn DC to 1.0 mA (10 tenths milliamperes).
• 3. Allow current to flow for 2-4 minutes.
  Frothing appears at insertion site.
• 4. With current flowing, slide needle up and down
  in meat. Observe the needle does not stick to
  meat as there is no cooking of tissue.
• 5. Set current at 1.0 mA, make a very shallow
  insertion immediately abundant lye is formed
  with much bubbling. (Current is concentrated on
  small surface area thus generates concentrated
  lye.)

83
Test 3 HF

• 1. Lay needle on meat.
• 2. Use 60-90 HF level observe meat turning
  brown. Note coagulation starts at the tip of
  needle and flows up. Heating pattern is broad.
  With magnification you will see that HF causes
  moisture to boil. Turbulence is created by HF
• 3. Experiment using different current strengths.
• 4. Experiment using different needle lengths.
• Observe higher current creates faster
  coagulation, less needle contact with meat causes
  rapid violent cooking. Note meat may stick to
  needle. This indicates unnecessary tissue
  destruction. Remove any tissue from needle as it
  insulates the needle which will make the
  subsequent test difficult

84
Test 4 HF Inserted

• 1. Insert needle deeply into meat.
• 2. Turn HF dial to high output (70V-90V).
• 3. Allow current to flow 20 seconds.
• Observe at 15-20 seconds the cooking at
  insertion point, current has risen slowly.
• 4. Insert needle shallow.
• Observe almost instant tissue destruction and
  burning. (this happens to your client when you
  make a shallow insertion . Note the tissue sticks
  to the needle .
• 5. Insert deeply again and apply high level HF.
  Slowly withdraw the needle until the needle is
  out of the skin.
• Observe cooking is rapid as the needle is
  withdrawn. Finally, with the needle just
  touching the surface of the meat a burn is
  created. Notice tissue smokes as it is burned.
• 6. Repeat experiment again using different depths
  and current strengths.

85
Test 5 DC HF

• 1. Lay needle on meat.
• 2 Use 70V HF and 1.0ma Dc (10 tenths
  millamperes).
• 3. Apply current simultaneously for about 20
  seconds. Observe Coagulation (browning) and lye
  (frothing) formation. Note the coagulation and
  lye patterns are broad and congruent. Notice lye
  production is accelerated and the needle does not
  stick to the tissue.
• 4. Try different needle depths and current
  levels. Observe Shallow needles cause rapid
  coagulation and potential burn.

86
Test 6 DC HF Inserted

• 1. Insert deeply into meat.
• 2. Apply 70V 90V HF and 1.0 ma DC
  simultaneously for 20 seconds. Observe bubbles
  appear (hydrogen frothing) along with
  coagulation.
• 3. Slide needle up and down with currents
  flowing. Observe Needle does not stick because
  DC dissolves tissue and coagulation is not
  intense. Tissue is not dehydrated.
• 4. Insert shallow. Observe shallow insertion
  causes rapid coagulation and lye formation. Note
  coagulation dominates.

87
Test 7 HF Blocks Lye

• 1. Insert needle about half way into meat.
• 2. Use full power HF and 0.5 mA DC (5 tenths
  milliamperes).
• 3 Apply DC current and see that meter reads 0.5
  mA.
• 4. Now, add the HF full power. Observe HF
  super-heats and dries out the tissue. DC is not
  able to flow, or becomes unstable as the epilator
  attempts to boost voltage. Note that the meter
  drops, or becomes unstable as the epilator
  attempts to boost voltage. (This experiment
  demonstrates that high HF output must not be used
  for the blend, it hampers DC lye formation.

88
Test 6 DC HF Inserted

• 1. Insert deeply into meat.
• 2. Apply 70 V 90V and 1.0 mA Dc simultaneously
  for 20 seconds. Observe bubbles appear along
  with coagulation.
• 3. Slide needle up and down with both current on
  at same time. Observe

89
The Epilator

• Not all epilators are designed the same.
• Bono likes to have control!
• When purchasing a epilator dont expect all units
  to produce the same HF.
• Know the face-technique and body-technical
  settings, a wide range setting has better
  control.
• If automation keeps up, man will atrophy all his
  limbs but the push-button fingers.
• Frank Lloyd Wright

90
The Epilator

• Bono contends we still need to use the basic
  concepts laid down by Hinkle. They still have
  merit!

91
Bio.

• Michael Bono, The Blend
• Arthur Hinkle,PEE
• Richard Lind, BA,Ma, Electrolysis , Thermolysis,
  and the Blend The Principles and Practice of
  Permanent Hair Removal