INTERTANKO

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INTERTANKO
The Challenges of the Seafaring Profession Today
John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University
(Arevalo), Inc.
Minerva R. Alfonso, Maritime Advisor, INTERTANKO
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Presentation

• Introduction
• Key Challenges
• Industry Initiatives
• Focus Issue of Piracy and Armed Robbery
• Conclusion

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International Association of Independent Tanker
Owners

• Membership
• Over 2500 tankers in membership representing ca.
  73 of the independent oil tanker fleet with
  strict membership criteria
• 300 associate members in oil and chemical
  tanker related businesses
• Offices in London, Oslo, Washington, Singapore
  Brussels.

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ORGANISATION
Associate Members Committee
Safety, Technical Environmental Committee
(ISTEC)
Bunker Sub-Committee
IT Committee
Annual General Meeting
Chemical Tanker Committee (CTC)
Offshore Tanker Committee
Council
Chemical Tanker Sub-Committee Americas
Short Sea Tanker Group
Executive Committee
Human Element Committee
Vetting Committee
Management Committee
Documentary Committee
Worldscale Committee
Shipowner Issues Sub-Committee
Q-QuestSub-Committee
Environmental Committee
ASIAN REGIONAL PANEL HELLENIC FORUM LATIN
AMERICAN PANEL NORTH AMERICAN PANEL
15 issue-driven Committees 5 Regional Panels
Insurance Legal Committee
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INTERTANKO Services

• INTERTANKO is the voice of the tanker industry -
  representing and promoting the interests of
  responsible oil and chemical tanker owners
  worldwide
• provides its members with technical, operational,
  legal, documentary and other support services,
  information and advice

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Mission and Vision

• MISSION
• Provide leadership to the Tanker Industry in
  serving the world with the safe, environmentally
  sound and efficient seaborne transportation of
  oil, gas and chemical products.
• VISION for the TANKER INDUSTRY
• A responsible, sustainable and respected Tanker
  Industry, committed to continuous improvement and
  constructively influencing its future.

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Commitment to Continuous Improvement
Primary Goal Lead the continuous improvement of
the Tanker Industrys performance in striving to
achieve the goals of Zero fatalities Zero
pollution Zero detentions
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Seaborne Crude Oil Flows 2005
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Record of Oil Spills
Source ITOPF. Number of spills above 700 tonnes.
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Tanker incidents by cause 1978-2007 and
accidental pollution
1000 ts oil pollution
No. incidents
Source INTERTANKO/LMIU/ITOPF/various
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Pollution from tankersTonnes / billion tonne mile
Tanker accidental pollution rate tonnes spilt
per bn tonne miles trade
bn tonne-m
1000 ts spilt
-45 -33
-82 Reduction per tonne miles
Source ITOPF/Fearnleys
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Presentation

• Introduction
• Key Challenges
• Industry Initiatives
• Focus Issue of Piracy and Armed Robbery
• Conclusion

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Key ChallengesIndustry Image Meeting
Societys Expectations

• Expectation that Shipping should be
• Safe and Secure
• Environmentally Responsible
• Reliable
• Efficient (low cost)
• Zero tolerance of
• Accidents
• Pollution (to Sea and Atmosphere)
• Other (e.g. unsafe, unhealthy ship demolition)

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Key Challenges

• Global regulation for a global industry,
• adopted and implemented uniformly
• Proliferation of unilateral regulations
• National and regional regulations threaten the
  supremacy of the International Maritime
  Organization. (IMO)

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Key Challenges

• Human Element / Manning Issues
• Shortage of qualified seafarers
• Poaching
• Faster promotions outstripping the development
  time needed to train seafarers
• the development of enhanced compliance cultures
• The IMO Secretary-General quoted statistics
  suggesting that some 80 per cent of accidents are
  attributable in some way to human error

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Inter-Industry Group

• The Inter-Industry Group consists of
• INTERTANKO
• International Chamber of Shipping (ICS)
• Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF)
• European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC)
• International Association of Classification
  Societies (IACS),
• The International Group of PI Clubs (IG)
• International Parcel Tankers Association (IPTA).

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IIG Conclusions

• The primary cause of these incidents could be
  attributed to the
• failure of the crew to follow procedures.

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Recommendations

• To find solutions to the primary cause of the
  incidents, i.e. the Human Element
• Application of Inert Gas to new oil tankers of
  less than 20,000 DWT and new chemical tankers.

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Det norske Veritas Analysis of Incidents

• reduction in the general level of experience as
  ships were crewed with more new recruits,
  retention rates declined and people were promoted
  faster.
• Loss of experience among crews was also a stress
  factor for those who continually had to train
  new crew members.

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Tanker contracting
m dwt
bn
VLCC 13. 4 bn Suezmax 5.9 Aframax
8.8 Panamax 2.8 Handy 22.9
(43)
Source INTERTANKO/Clarkson Shipyard Monitor
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Key Challenges

• Piracy
• Criminalization
• Global Financial Crisis

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Presentation

• Introduction
• Key Challenges
• Industry Initiatives
• Focus Issue of Piracy and Armed Robbery
• Conclusion

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Industry initiatives supportingrecruitment,
training and retention

• Raising awareness of the industry, targeting
  young people as well as media, politicians,
  regulators and the public (www.maritimefoundation.
  com)
• Enhanced cooperation with educators/trainers
• Policies for cadet berths and training facilities
  on ALL new ships
• Programmes for maximum utilisation of cadet
  berths on existing ships
• Developing industry standards for Tanker Officer
  Training, covering proficiency and experience
• Running seminars and workshops for officers and
  seafarers on Tanker Industry issues (e.g. vetting
  seminar in Manila)

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Industry initiatives supportingour crews
welfare and well-being

• Speaking out against unjustified criminalisation,
  and challenging bad laws through the courts
• Actively supporting IMO-ILO guidelines on Fair
  Treatment of Seafarers (in event of Maritime
  Accident)
• Campaigning for improved conditions for shore
  access when security constraints active
• Working to reduce multiple and overlapping
  inspections
• Promoting solutions to lessen technical and
  operational burden of equipment, systems and
  associated paperwork
• Prepared guidelines for safe handling of cargoes
  and fuels, tank cleaning and entry, and lobbying
  for better HSE information on cargoes and bunkers
• Developed guidelines on implementing ILO
  Convention on work and rest hours
• Promoting higher standards of accommodation as
  industry norms (including e.g. broadband, etc.)

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TOTS - Tanker Officer Training Standards(new
INTERTANKO initiative)

• Covers officer competences and training, as well
  as time in rank and time with company
• An alternative approach to oil companies
  Officer Matrix requirements, based upon Time
  in Rank and Years with the Operator
• Incorporates training modules onboard and ashore,
  as well as verification processes
• TMSA compatible
• Addresses Quality and Experience

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TOTS Approvals

• TOTS is approved as a Professional Standard by
• The Nautical Institute.
• The Institute of Marine Engineering Science
  Technology.

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The Issues

• Oil Company Officer Matrix Systems

• Contradictory
• Prohibits Promotion
• Difficult to Comply with Requirements

• Increasing Incidents
• Officer Training
• Human Element Factors
• Shortage of Experienced Officers

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The TOTS Objectives

• Provide a coordinated response by INTERTANKO
• Provide comfort to Oil/Cos via a structured
  controlled process
• Enhance competency based training
• Provide verification of understanding

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The TOTS Objectives

• Ensure compliance with todays rules
  regulations.
• Ease compliance with Officer Matrix
  Requirements.
• Ensure that the team onboard will operate the
  tanker environmentally aware safe.

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TOTS Project Partners

• Vetting Committee
• HEiSC

TOTS Working Group
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TOTS Project Partners

• Warsash Maritime Academy
• Simulator Training/Verification

• Malaysian Maritime Academy
• Engineering Skills/Modules

• MARLINS
• CBA Verification

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Overview of TOTS

• TOTS contains Four Elements
• TOTS Training Record Books
• Time in Rank
• Time in Company
• 2. TOTS Computer Based Assessment (CBA)
• Time in Rank
• 3. TOTS Company Verification (CBA)
• Time with Company
• 4. TOTS Ship Specific Practical Simulator
  Verification/Training
• Tanker Type Specific Time in Rank
• TMSA Part 3, 6, Stage 4

TMSA Part 3, 3, Stage 4, TMSA Part 3, 3A,
Stage 2 3 TMSA Part 3, 5, Stage 3 TMSA
Part 3, 11, Stage 1
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TOTS Pictogram
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TOTS Time in Rank

• Human Element addressed in each record Book via
  CRM
• Situational awareness
• Planning Decision making
• Communications
• Teamwork
• Emotional climate
• Stress
• Managing Stress
• Commercial Organisational Pressures Morale
• Fatigue

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Presentation

• Introduction
• Key Challenges
• Industry Initiatives
• Focus Issue of Piracy and Armed Robbery
• Conclusion

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Roundtable of International Shipping Associations

• BIMCO, International Chamber of Shipping (ICS),
  INTERCARGO and INTERTANKO
• The Roundtable represents the entire merchant
  shipping industry worldwide

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Roundtable Position

• Issue of piracy and armed robbery has been a
  recurring theme on the agendas of the
  international associations for a number of years
• ROUNDTABLE POSITION
• It is unacceptable that merchant ships and
  merchant seamen should be subjected to armed
  attacks at sea in the 21st century.

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Major concern

• Extremely grave threat to the lives of the crews
  and the safe operation of ships
• Not only are the attacks on an upward trend, but
  the level of violence has also significantly
  increased

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IMB Annual Report 2008

• shows an unprecedented rise in maritime hijacking
  in 2008
• worldwide total of 293 incidents
• 49 vessels were hijacked, 889 crew taken hostage
  and a further 46 vessels reported being fired
  upon.
• A total of 32 crew members were injured, 11
  killed and 21 missing presumed dead.
• Guns were used in 139 incidents
• Most of these incidents occurred in Nigerian and
  Somalian waters

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IMB Annual Report 2008

• 2008 saw the largest tanker ever being hijacked
  by Somali pirates, and successful attacks being
  carried out at greater distances from land than
  in previous years. All types of vessels with
  varying freeboards and speeds were targeted. The
  pirates boarding the vessels were also better
  armed than in previous years and prepared to
  assault and injure the crew.

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Baco-Liner 2
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MV Hereford Express

• Livestock Carrier ballast voyage
• General Santos, Philippines to Broome, Australia
• Armed attack by unidentified water borne crafts,
  7 June 2008 at 09.45
• Lat 03 24.6N Long 125 05.1E (Indonesian
  Archipelago)

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MV Hereford Express
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MV Hereford Express

• .

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MV Hereford Express

• .

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Recommendations

• The Indonesian government be formally requested
  to clarify this incident
• The Indonesian authorities provide clear guide
  lines as to how their Marine Police and Cost
  Guard undertake interception of merchant vessels
  so that Master of merchant vessels can determine
  more clearly if it is an official approach or
  potential piracy attack.

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Piracy Trends

• When looking at trends from various sources like
  ReCAAP, IMO and the IMB reports one thing became
  evident
• More and more of the incidents occur in
• TERRITORIAL WATERS

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Industry Solutions at Micro Level

• This will involve actions and preventive measures
  being taken by shipowners and their crew on each
  ship

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Actions by seafarers

• Be vigilant
• Reduce opportunities for theft
• Secure Restricted Areas at all times and
  establish safe secure area(s)
• Maintain, exercise and regularly review your Ship
  Counter-piracy Plan
• Report all incidents to the coastal and Flag
  State authorities

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Actions by Seafarers

• The Counter-piracy Plan
• The need for enhanced watch keeping use of
  lighting and surveillance, detection or perimeter
  protection equipment
• Crew responses if a potential attack is detected
  or an attack is underway
• The radio and alarm procedures to be followed
• The reports that should be made after an attack,
  or an attempted attack
• Training to ensure crew react consistently to an
  incident

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Industry Solutions at Macro Level

• The industry has issued its own guidance for
  merchant ships to protect themselves against
  attacks whether in territorial waters or on the
  high seas
• Urged relevant coastal states to take effective
  action against attacks on merchant shipping in
  their territorial waters
• Strong support to the IMO in its efforts to
  tackle the problem at inter-governmental level

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Solutions Involvement by Governments

• The Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating
  Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia
  (ReCAAP)
• The Integrated Coast Guard Network of the
  Maritime Organisation for West and Central Africa
  (MOWCA)

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Solutions Involvement by Governments

• The European Unions Operation Atalanta
• This Joint Action by EUNAVFOR in the GOA, the
  establishment of the Maritime Security Centre
  Horn of Africa (MSCHOA) and the subsequent "Close
  Support Group Transit" system" took over the
  French led convoy in November 2008.
• INTERTANKO fully supports the work been
  undertaken by EUNAVFOR MSCHOA and UKMTO and has
  worked closely with them and provided staff on
  secondment to MSCHOA as "Merchant Navy Liaison
  Officers"
• Feedback from Masters who have used the MSCHOA
  "Group Transit Corridors" is proving excellent
  and recommendatory.
• All owners are strongly advised to register
  their companies with MSCHOA at their web site
  http//www.mschoa.eu/ 

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Increasing Trends 3 Key Aspects

• Very complex economic and political internal
  challenges for countries on the top of the list
  of hotspot areas
• Capturing perpetrators major challenge, Art.
  111 UNCLOS Right of Hot Pursuit lack of
  cooperation between some regional governments
  and lack of resources
• Loopholes in the international legal framework
  that undermines the effective prosecution of
  perpetrators

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International law and Maritime Zones

• Under international law, the rights and
  obligations of states with respect to attacks
  against ships are dependent upon where the attack
  took place
• High seas / EEZ
• Territorial waters

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International Treaties

• Geneva Convention on the High Seas of 1958
• and repeated in the UN Convention on the Law of
  the Sea of 1982 Piracy (UNCLOS)
• One of the major deficiencies of the
  international rules concerning the suppression of
  piracy is its narrow definition of piracy under
  Art. 101

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UNCLOS Article 101 Definition of piracy

• In order to be considered an act of piracy the
  following 5 elements should be fulfilled
• Illegal act of violence such as robbery, murder,
  assault, rape
• Motivated by private gains
• Committed by persons on board a private ship
• Directed against another vessel
• High seas or outside any States jurisdictions

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UNCLOS Limitations

• 2 ships rule attacks by crews / stowaways not
  included
• Motivated by private gains political terrorist
  type attacks not covered
• Most attacks happen in territorial waters
  therefore acts are not punishable under Art 105.
• Article 111. The Right of Hot Pursuit ends when
  the fleeing vessel enters its own or a third
  states territorial waters

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Jurisdiction in the Malacca and Singapore Straits
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SUA Convention

• Italian cruise liner Achille Lauro 7 Oct 1985
• 4 armed Palestinian militants (PLF) hijacked the
  ship and demanded the release of 50 Palestinian
  prisoners held in Israel (not motivated by
  private gains and therefore not covered by
  UNCLOS)
• The gunmen killed a Jewish- American passenger (2
  ships rule not fulfilled)
• In Egyptian waters (UNCLOS Art. 101 piracy
  definition only applicable to high seas attack)
• Led to the promulgation of the SUA Convention
  (Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety
  of Maritime Navigation) or more commonly known as
  the Rome Convention convention in order fill the
  gaps left by UNCLOS.

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Limitations of the SUA Convention

• Only applicable within the jurisdiction of States
  party to it
• the decision by the parties to enforce the Rome
  Convention is ultimately discretionary
• The Convention does not provide for any
  sanctions against parties who fail to fulfil
  their treaty obligations

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International law and Maritime Zones

• Under international law, the rights and
  obligations of states with respect to attacks
  against ships are dependent upon where the attack
  took place
• High seas / EEZ
• Territorial waters

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Territorial Waters

• Within territorial waters, jurisdiction over
  armed robbers rests solely with the Coastal State

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IMO MSC

• The Committee reiterates its request for Member
  States to provide reports to the IMO on action
  taken by their governments against incidents
  reported to have occurred in their territorial
  waters.

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Conclusion

• With this I will end my presentation and I hope
  that it helped highlight the vulnerability of
  seafarers. The ship is the seafarers home, they
  are in the frontline, and it is really up to us
  working ashore to support them.

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• THANK YOU
• www.intertanko.com
• www.themaritimefoundation.com
• www.shippingfacts.com