Theodore Roosevelt

1
Theodore Roosevelt the Square Deal
2
Agenda for Next Week

• Monday October 10 Wrap up chapter 16/finish
  lecture on Roosevelt Progressivism
• Tuesday October 11 Ms. Connolly (Current Events)
• Wednesday October 12 Ch. 16 Test (Sub)
• Thursday October 13 Ms. Connolly

3
Agenda for Week of October 17-21

• Monday-Tuesday Ms. Connolly
• Wednesday, Thursday, Friday -
• - Substitute teacher.
• - Watching To Kill a Mockingbird
• in class.

4
The Many Talents of TR

• Politician (held offices at city, state Federal
  levels)
• Explorer
• Hunter
• Published author (wrote over 35 books)
• Soldier
• Historian
• Cattle Rancher

5
Vice President

• Elected as William McKinleys VP in 1900

6
McKinley Assassinated in September 1901
7
Roosevelt becomes youngest President in history
at 42 years old

• Changed the Presidency
• Believed that the President should be more active
  set the legislative agenda
• The first truly activist President
• Credited with transitioning US into 20th century

8
The Bully Pulpit

•  "I suppose my critics will call that preaching,
  but I have got such a bully pulpit!
• TR used the Presidency to advocate issues to
  get public support for his agenda
• Believed the President should lead and actively
  push and progress America forward.
• Traveled the country giving dynamic speeches

9
Used his Presidency to enact PROGRESSIVE
IDEASto REFORMAmericanpolitics, society
business
10
TRs Domestic Agenda of Reform

• Labor Advocated the rights of workers (labor).
• Trust-Busting Breaking up monopolistic trusts
• Regulation of business Government took power to
  regulation railroads
• Consumer Protection Government regulation of
  food production
• Conservation Set aside land for national parks

11
LABORThe Coal Strike of 1902

• May 12, 1902 Coal Miners in eastern Pennsylvania
  go on strike to
• Secure better wages
• Safer working conditions
• Recognition of United Mine Workers of America
  (UMWA)Over 100,000 workers walk off the job

12
(No Transcript)
13
Americans feared if strike continued, they would
have no coal for the winter
14
TR Intervenes

• TR directly intervenes in the crisis
• Calls the Coal Business owners and Union leaders
  to the White House directly mediates meeting
• Encourages arbitration

TR threatened to take over mines with Federal
troops if an agreement wasnt made
15
TR Saves the Day

• Mine Owners accept arbitration because of TRs
  threat
• Special Arbitration rules
• Workers get a 10 pay increase
• Workday shortened to 9 hours

16
How does TRs demonstrate change?

• Presidents (before TR) did not interfere in
  businesses and in labor strikes (laissez faire)
  
• TR threatened to take control of coal mines.
  Constitutional or not?
• Beginning of the trend of government taking the
  side of workers
• Activist government

17
When asked if his efforts were legal and
Constitutional, TR said . . . .
To hell with the Constitution, people want coal!
18
Roosevelt called thisThe Square Deal

• Roosevelt believed he balanced the desires of all
  parties . . .
• The People Wanted coal
• The Workers Got higher wages (not as high was
  they wanted) and shorter workdays
• Business owners Production resumed, were not
  required to recognize Union.

19
Square Deal becomes TRs capaign slogan

• Roosevelt said he promised to see that each
  person is given a square deal, because he is
  entitled to no more and should receive no less.
• Promised to balance the needs of workers,
  businesses and consumers.

20
TRUST-BUSTING

• Northern Securities Company
• Northern Pacific, Great Northern Chicago,
  Burlington and Quincy Railroads combine into one
  company
• Total worth 400 Million
• Dominated Railroad lines
• from Chicago to Northwest.

21
TR Stops it!

• TR sues the National Securities Company for
  violating the (what law prohibited trusts that
  limited competition?)

SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT
22
Teddy the Trust-Buster Roosevelt

• Roosevelt successfully breaks up the National
  Securities Company
• Next sues to break up Rockefellers Standard Oil
  Company (completed under Taft)
• Filed dozens of lawsuits against other trusts
  that he saw as bad for the American consumer.

23
(No Transcript)
24
TR Railroad Regulation

• Review Railroad rebates for big businesses

25
TR Railroad Regulation

• TR persuades Republic Congress to pass
  legislation giving Federal government control
  over railroad companies
• Elkins Act (1903) Makes it illegal for
  railroad companies to
• give rebates to large corporations
• Hepburn Act (1906) Gave the
• Interstate Commerce Commission
• the power to set railroad rates.

26
(No Transcript)
27
The Main Idea

• Roosevelt believed that government had the duty
  to regulate big business to protect the welfare
  of society
• Believed  laissez-faire did not apply when
  business provided a necessary service to the
  people (Railroads, coal, oil)

28
Environmental Conservation

• Background
• February 14, 1884 TRs wife (Alice) and mother
  die on the same day.

29
(No Transcript)
30
Environmental Conservation

• Roosevelt moves to the Dakotas to hunt buffalo
  and start a ranch
• Roosevelt became disturbed by
• Damage being done to wildlife
• Forests being depleted
• The western frontier was disappearing

This experience leads TR to develop
conservationist ideas
31
Environmental Conservation

• What is a Conservationist?
• A person who seeks to protect and
• preserve natural
• resources

32
Environmental Conservation

• TR uses the Presidency to promote conservation of
  the American wilderness
• Before TR, government had left wilderness
  unregulated
• 1903 TR visits naturalist John Muir
• at Yosemite
• - Muir helps convinces Roosevelt to
• use Federal government to
• preserve land

33
Muir believed all of the undeveloped land should
be preserved . . . TR believed some land should
be preserved and other land should be developed
for economic use
34
Conservation Under TR

• Newlands Reclamation Act
• Federal government creates irrigation systems
  build dams to make dry lands productive
• Applies to land in 20 states
• Funded by the sale of government land
• After an area would be irrigated, it would be
  sold
• Allowed much of the dry land of the American west
  to be developed and settled

35
Conservation Under TR

• Establishes U.S. Forest Service
• TR increased Federal land reserves from 40
  million to 200 million acres by the end of his
  2nd term.
• Brought much of the west under direct
• Federal control.
• Authority later expanded to allow
• Federal government to buy privately
• owned land.
• - Land in eastern U.S. added

36
Antiquities Act of 1906

• Authorized the Federal government to declare
  historical landmarks
• Designed to protect Indian ruins, artifacts
  other areas of natural American history
• Created 18 national monuments

37
Legacy of TRThe Grand Canyon
38
Legacy of TRCrater Lake National Park (Oregon)
39
Legacy of TRPetrified Forest (Arizona)
40

• "All the great natural resources which are vital
  to the welfare of the whole people should be kept
  either in the hands or under the control of the
  whole people."
• - Theodore Roosevelt

41
Consumer Protection

• 1906 Upton Sinclair publishes The Jungle
• Exposes the unsanitary conditions within the meat
  packing industry
• Muckraking Journalists who exposed the filth
  (muck) of society.

42
Read excerpt from The Jungle
43
"I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident
I hit it in the stomach. - Upton Sinclair
44
The Result

• Meat Inspection Act
• Mandatory inspection of livestock before
  slaughter
• Mandatory postmortem inspection of every carcass
• Sanitary standards established for slaughterhouses
   and meat processing plants and
• Authorized U.S. Department of Agriculture ongoing
  monitoring and inspection of slaughter and
  processing operations.

45
The Result

• Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
• Forbade the manufacture, sale or transportation
  of food or medicine containing harmful
  ingredients
• Required ingredient labels on drugs
• Created the Food and Drug Administration
  responsible for testing the safety of foods and
  drugs designed for human consumption

46
(No Transcript)
47
(No Transcript)