FEMT 101 DENDROLOGY

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FEMT 101 DENDROLOGY

• Species Characteristics Lab

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Aceraceae Maple Family Acer
ginnala Amur maple
(exotic)

• Size and Form small shrubby tree, less than 5m
  tall
• Bud opposite arrangement small with
  reddish-brown lateral buds, terminal bud blunt
  with lateral bud beside it
• Twig stiff and shiny reddish-brown, with light
  coloured lenticels
• Leaf simple, 8 -10cm long, narrowly triangular,
  distinct lobes (basal lobes), serrated, brilliant
  red fall colours
• Fruit drooping clusters, paired samara
  (parallel wings)
• Site possible landscape tree

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Aceraceae Maple Family
Acer negundo Manitoba maple
(native)

• Size and Form medium sized tree (up to 20m
  tall), 75cm diameter, 60 year lifespan
• Bud opposite arrangement with blunt terminal
  bud, covered with fine hairs
• Twig stout, thick and hairless, covered with a
  glaucous (white) bloom on older twigs
• Leaf odd-pinnately compound, 3-9 leaflets
• Fruit paired samara (45 degree angle), 30-50mm
  long
• Bark furrowed, narrow ridges
• Site lakeshores, riverbanks, flood plains

4
AceraceaeAcer saccharium Silver Maple

• Size and Form medium to large tree up to 35m
  tall, 100cm in diameter at 130 years old
• Bud opposite arrangement, terminal bud 3-4mm
  long, blunt, twice as long as wide, shiny,
  reddish, smooth, usually 4 pairs of scales
• Twig shiny red to grayish-brown, hairless,
  dwarf shoots will have clusters of flower buds,
  unpleasant odor when bruised
• Leaf simple, 15-20cm long, 5-7 lobes that are
  widest above the base, coarse, sharp irregular
  teeth, central lobe is separated by deep narrow
  notches, upper surface is light green silvery
  white underside
• Fruit paired samara, 40-70mm long, 90º angle
  between the wings
• Bark smooth, gray when young, older trunk bark
  is dark reddish brown with long thin narrow
  flakes giving it a shaggy look
• Site rich, moist lowlands bordering streams and
  lake shores

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Betulaceae Birch FamilyAlnus incana Speckled
alder (native)

• Size and Form tall shrub, up to 8m tall
• Bud alternate arrangement, stalked, blunt,
  reddish-brown, often 3 ranked
• Twig lenticels, reddish-brown, moderately
  slender
• Leaf elliptical, double-serrated, simple
• Fruit pollen and seed catkins, mature cone-like
  catkin with very narrow winged nutlet
• Site found along water ways

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Betulaceae Birch Family Alnus
viridis Green alder
(native)

• Size and Form large shrub (up to 3m tall),
  multi-stemmed
• Bud alternate arrangement, un-stalked,
  sharp-pointed, brownish-red, 3 ranked
• Twig lenticels, moderately slender
• Leaf oval, double-serrated (fine teeth), simple
• Fruit pollen and seed catkins, mature cone-like
  catkin with wide winged nutlet
• Site dry with jack pine

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Betulaceae Birch Family
Betula glandulosa Bog birch
(native)

• Size and Form spreading shrub, up to 2m tall
• Bud alternate arrangement, small and pointed
• Twig resinous, tiny/fine hairs
• Leaf simple, almost circular (1-2cm), thick and
  leathery, 6-10 teeth per side
• Fruit pollen and seed catkins (upright), mature
  cigar shaped catkin with small winged nutlet
• Site forested bogs and wetlands

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Betulaceae Birch Family Betula
papyrifera White or Paper birch
(native)

• Size and form medium sized tree
• Bud alternate arrangement, pointed, slender
• Twig slender, somewhat sparsely resinous,
  greyish-brown (greenish), dwarf twigs
• Leaf simple, triangle tip, ovate (egg-shaped),
  double-serrated,
• Fruit pollen and seed catkins up to 5cm long,
  hang down, mature cigar shaped catkin with wings
  are wider than nutlet
• Site forest edges, lakeshores

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Betulaceae Birch Family Betula
pendula Weeping birch
(exotic)

• Size and Form small tree (up to 15m tall),
  weeping fashion
• Bud alternate arrangement, do not hug twig,
  blunt tip
• Twig slender, flexible, no resin glands
• Leaf simple, ovate, tapered tip, serrated
• Fruit pollen and seed catkins (2-4cm long),
  mature catkin cigar shaped with wings wider than
  nutlet
• Bark darkish white/grey
• Site landscape tree

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Betulaceae Birch Family Corylus
cornuta Beaked hazelnut
(native)

• Size and form large shrub (up to 3m)
• Bud alternate arrangement, darker than twig,
  rounded, pointed, heart-shaped, overlapping bud
  scales, edge of bud side has white hairs
• Twig light brown, hairless
• Leaf simple, elliptical, pointed tip,
  double-serrated
• Fruit thin-shelled nut, enclosed in tubular
  husk covered with stiff prickly hairs, clusters
  of 2 or 3
• Site upland w/aspen, moist/well drained

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Caprifoliaceae Honeysuckle Family Lonicera
dioica Twining honeysuckle
(native)

• Size and Form semi-erect, vine-like shrub,
  climbs up to 5m in height
• Bud opposite arrangement, straw colour, small
  and pointed, no true terminal bud
• Twig twisting, woody vine, hollow stem, straw
  colour
• Leaf simple, end leaves form a cup around stem,
  oblong, rounded on the end
• Fruit small red berry, inedible (bitter),
  cluster of 7-8 berries in leaf cup
• Site upland w/aspen, forest edges

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Caprifoliaceae Honeysuckle Family Sambucus
pubens Red elderberry (exotic)

• Size and Form multi-stemmed shrub
• Bud opposite arrangement, plump,
  reddish-purplish, pair of scales, typically no
  terminal bud
• Twig orange pith, olive green, lenticels
  (yellow/brown), predominant leaf scars
• Leaf odd-pinnately compound, 5-7 leaflets,
  tapered pointed tip
• Fruit large clusters of red berries, bright
  white flowers
• Site moist

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Caprifoliaceae Honeysuckle Family
Symphoricarpos occidentalis Western Snowberry
(native)

• Size and Form short shrub, multi-branched,
  grows in large patches
• Bud opposite arrangement, small
• Twig thin, orangey-brown, orange pith,
  sometimes hollow
• Leaf simple, small, paper thin, 2-4cm long,
  wavy margin (large), smooth margin (small)
• Fruit greenish/white berries in dense clusters
• Bark shredding
• Site upland, open forest

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Caprifoliaceae Honeysuckle Family Viburnum
edule Lowbush cranberry (native)

• Size and Form medium size shrub
• Bud opposite arrangement, bright red, pointed,
  true terminal bud
• Twig reddish-brown, slightly grooved
• Leaf simple, 3-lobed, long petiole
• Fruit red berries, clusters of 2-5, drupe (flat
  stone )
• Bark thin bark, reddish-grey brown
• Site open forest

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Caprifoliaceae Honeysuckle Family Viburnum
trilobum Highbush cranberry (native)

• Size and Form upright shrub (up to 4m)
• Bud opposite arrangement, reddish/orange, no
  terminal bud, 2 bud scales
• Twig straw like, large white pith
• Leaf simple, 3 long pointed lobes, smooth
  toothed margins
• Fruit red to orange, forms on terminal end of
  branch, drupe (flat stone), functioning flowers
  are surrounded by sterile white flowers
• Bark smooth grey bark
• Site riparian areas

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Cornaceae Dogwood Family Cornus
stolonifera Red-osier dogwood
(native)

• Size and Form medium sized shrub, spreading
  shrub
• Bud opposite arrangement, long/slender,
  pointed, 2 pairs of scales, laterals appressed
• Twig reddish-purple, moderately slender,
  lenticels
• Leaf simple, smooth margins, long petioles,
  tips curve off to one side
• Fruit whitish berries, small stones, form in
  clusters
• Bark reddish, greyish in older wood
• Site under open canopy, moist woods

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Cupressaceae Cypress Family
Juniperus communis Low Juniper
(native)

• Size and Form evergreen, prostrate or spreading
  shrub up to 1m tall, trunkless
• Bud
• Twig
• Leaf needle-like to narrowly lance-shaped,
  5-12mm long, very prickly, whitish above, dark
  green below, in 3s
• Fruit berry-like, 6-10mm in diameter, bluish
  with white-grey bloom, fleshy
• Bark thin, reddish brown, shredding, scaly
• Site dry open, gravelly ridges or outcrops

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Cupressaceae Cypress Juniperus sp
Juniper
(exotic)

• Size and Form evergreen shrub, various
  heightsl, upright or spreading
• Bud bud-like immature cones at the tips of some
  branches, hidden buds
• Twig many short side branches, rounded
  cross-section
• Leaf evergreen, scale-like, overlapping, close
  to stem, greenish brown purple in colour
• Fruit conelets, one or more seeds, dark blue
  powdery coating
• Site dry site, shade intolerant

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Cupressaceae Cypress Family
Thuja sp Cedar species
(ornamental)

• Size and Form various heights, symmetrical in
  form, pyramid or globe shaped
• Bud budlike immature cones at the end of some
  branches
• Twig flexible, has a flat cross-section
• Leaf evergreen scale-like overlapping, close to
  stem, lime green in colour
• Fruit 10mm long, short flat seeds, leathery
  brown texture and colour
• Site landscape uses, shade intolerant

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Elaeagnaceae Oleaster Family
Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian Olive
(exotic)

• Size and Form small tree, tolerant to salty and
  calcium soils
• Bud alternate arrangement, small/ovid, same
  colour as branch (whitish/grey)
• Twig weak/slender, often a thorn on older wood
• Leaf simple ,narrow and oblong, dull green on
  top, silver underneath (small greyish scales),
  4-8cm long, stay on throughout winter
• Fruit small olive like grey/silver, up to 2cm
  long, watermelon shaped seed, small yellow
  flowers
• Site cities, parks, and landscape

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Elaeagnaceae Oleaster Family
Elaeagnus commutata Silverberry
(native)

• Size and Form upright shrub (up to 4m)
• Bud alternate arrangement, light brown,
  terminal bud pointed
• Twig greyish brown, covered with rusty chalk
  (velvety), may have thorns
• Leaf simple, grey/silver, (longer than broad)
• Fruit small yellow flowers, small olive like
  grey/silver, watermelon shaped seed
• Bark scaly, silver in colour
• Site alkaline soils, open sites

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Elaeagnaceae Oleaster Family Shepherdia
canadensis Buffaloberry
(native)

• Size and Form small shrub (up to 2m), spreading
• Bud opposite arrangement, pronounce terminal
  bud (long and slender), cluster of round flower
  buds around most longitudinal buds, rusty colour
• Twig grey (older), soft brown (new), velvety
  texture, orange pith
• Leaf simple, small (up to 3cm), rusty on
  underside
• Fruit bright red to yellow berries, juicy,
  soapy texture
• Bark scaly, brownish
• Site dry, upland w/jack pine, open woods and as
  far north as the arctic coast

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Ericaceae Heath Family Ledum
groenlandicum Labrador tea
(native)

• Size and Form low lying shrub, less than half
  meter tall
• Bud definite terminal bud, no lateral buds
• Twig densely orange coloured hair
• Leaf simple, linear and revolute in shape, deep
  green above, rusty below with dense wooly hairs
• Fruit flowers are in white clusters
• Site moist woodlands, typically bogs

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Ericaceae Heath Family Vaccinium
myrtilloides Blueberry
(native)

• Size and Form small shrub less than half a
  meter tall, grows in dense colonies
• Bud alternate arrangement, small, pointed,
  reddish-brown, terminal bud
• Twig velvety hairs, slender, new growth,
  reddish
• Leaf simple, thin and hairy, up to 4cm long,
  smooth margins
• Fruit blueberry, pale blue bloom
• Site dry upland

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Fabaceae Bean Family Caragana
arborescens - Caragana (exotic,
naturalized)

• Size and Form small tree/shrub, live up to 80
  yrs, 4-5m tall
• Bud alternate arrangement, large terminal bud,
  chaff like scales
• Twig green/yellow, curved/windy
• Leaf even-pinnately compound, no terminal
  leaflet, up to 12 leaflets, spine-like stipules
• Fruit pod, burst when ripe, flowers are bright
  yellow (pea like)
• Site shelterbelts, wind breaks

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Fagaceae Beech Family Quercus
macrocarpa Bur oak(native)

• Size and Form small tree (up to 15m tall), 60cm
  diameter, straight stem, can live up to 200 years
• Bud alternate arrangement, terminal bud wide
  and pointed, brown and hairy, terminal bud is
  surrounded by cluster of small buds
• Twig stout, yellowish-brown, scaly, rigid edges
• Leaf simple, lobes (soft and rounded), variable
  in shape, up to 30cm long, smooth on top, hairy
  underneath
• Fruit acorn (sits in cup with fury collar
  around top)
• Bark thick grey scales, rough looking bark
• Site bottom lands, flood plain, drought tolerant

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Oleaceae Olive Family Fraxinus
pennsylvanica Green ash (native)

• Size and Form up to 25m tall, fast growing, and
  single stem
• Bud opposite arrangement, terminal bud is
  reddish/brown, somewhat hairy, first lateral buds
  close to terminal bud
• Twig stout, greyish/brown and hairless
• Leaf odd-pinnately compound, leaflets are very
  large and pointed, up to 20cm long, leaflet up to
  15cm long
• Fruit single samara, seed covers over ½ the
  wing, up to 3-6cm
• Bark mature tree has narrow ridges (diamond
  shape)
• Site river valleys, flood plains

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Oleaceae Olive Family Syringa sp
Lilac
(exotic)

• Size and Form clumpy shrub (up to 4m tall)
• Bud opposite arrangement, large, typically no
  terminal bud, pair of buds on end (spade shaped)
• Twig stout, green/yellow
• Leaf simple, 5-12cm long, cordate (heart)
  shaped, smooth margin (entire)
• Fruit flattened 2 seeded capsule, flowers are
  pink/yellow/white/purple (10mm long, cluster up
  to 20cm long)
• Site - shelterbelts

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Pinaceae Pine Family Abies
balsamea Balsam fir (native)

• Size and Form 25 meters tall, 75cm in diameter,
  up to 150 years old
• Bud 5mm long, resinous terminal of 3 clusters
• Twig greyish green colour, lengthy hairs
• Leaf needle-like, flat cross-section, 12-25mm
  long, shiny above, two rows of silvery stomata on
  the underside
• Fruit erect cones are 5-10cm long, resinous,
  greenish brown to purple in colour, seeds, bracts
  and scales fall from the tree leaving the erect
  axil
• Bark Smooth-raised resinous blisters
• Site rich sites with spruce and aspen, found
  across boreal forest, shade tolerant climax
  species

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Pinaceae Pine Family Larix
laricina Tamarack larch
(native)

• Size and Form up to 25 meters tall, 40cm in
  diameter, 150 years old
• Bud dark reddish to brown, tiny hairs on
  dwarfed shoots, smooth buds
• Twig hairless, orange/brown to pink in colour
• Leaf needle-like, flat on top, keel below,
  2-5cm long, 15-60 needles per dwarf shoot (peg)
  on the older growth, single on current wood,
  deciduous
• Fruit 10-20mm long, egg shaped, dark red when
  new, leathery brown on older
• Bark scaly reddish brown, purple inner bark
• Site commonly found in bog areas

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Pinaceae Pine Family Larix
sibirica Siberian larch
(exotic)

• Size and Form up to 30 meters tall, conical top
• Bud ovoid or round shaped buds, brown coloured,
  resinous
• Twig yellowish to light brown, hairy in the
  spring, smooth and shiny in the summer
• Leaf needle-like has a keel on the bottom,
  green coloured top, stomata on the bottom, 15-30
  needles per dwarf shoot (peg) on older wood and
  single on current wood
• Fruit cones are ovoid in shape, tapered towards
  the tip, 2.5-4cm long, short stalks, 2 seeds with
  each scale, has wavy margins
• Bark scaly, grey to brown in colour
• Site commonly found on shelterbelts

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Pinaceae Pine Family Picea
abies Norway spruce
(exotic)

• Size and Form drooping secondary branches
• Buds reddish to light orange/brown, blunt
  pointed, scales tight fitting
• Twig creamy green to light orange/brown
• Leaf needle-like, 12-24mm long, sharp pointed,
  dark green on all sides, directed towards the
  upper side
• Fruit cones 10-18cm, pendulous
• Site wide variety of sites

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Pinaceae Pine FamilyPicea glauca White
spruce(native)

• Size and Form 25 meters tall, 60cm in diameter,
  up to 200 years old
• Bud 6mm long, blunt pointed, non-resinous,
  outer scales are shorter than the bud
• Twig shiny, light greyish green in colour,
  hairless
• Leaf needle-like, four sided leaf, 1-2.5cm
  long, pointed stiff, bluish green in colour,
  glaucous
• Fruit cones are slender, cylindrical, 3-6cm
  long, blunt tipped, stalk less, light brown
  scales, thin and flexible
• Bark smooth, becomes scaly with age, salmon
  pink inner bark on mature trunks
• Site the white spruce is shade tolerant and is
  found on well drained moist soils

34
Pinaceae Pine Family Picea
mariana Black spruce
(native)

• Size and Form 20 meters tall, 30cm diameter, up
  to 200 years old, has a distinct clubbed top
  where squirrels removed the cones
• Bud conical, blunt tipped, 3-5mm long, hairy,
  has outer scales longer than the bud
• Twig bark is orange-brown, soft brownish hairs
• Leaf needles-like, blunt, 4 sided, white row of
  stomata
• Fruit cone 1.5-3cm long, egg shaped, purplish
  and has tight fitting scales, semi-serotinous
• Bark reddish to greyish brown, scaly, olive
  green inner bark on mature trunk
• Site often on poorly drained, poor cold
  nutrient site

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Pinaceae Pine Family
Picea pungens Blue spruce
(exotic)

• Size and Form 30 meters tall, 90cm diameter, up
  to 600 years old
• Bud rounded to blunt pointed, 10mm long, bud
  scales are papery
• Twig stout, shiny, yellowish brown, hairless
• Leaf needle like, 15-30mm long, stiff, sharp
  pointed, blue-green in colour, needles are curved
• Fruit cones are 5-12cm long, flexible scales,
  loose fitting, light brown colour
• Bark purplish grey to brown, flakey
• Site drought tolerant exotic and ornamental

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Pinaceae Pine FamilyPinus banksiana Jack
pine(native)

• Size and Form 30 meters tall, 30cm diameter,
  150 years old, crown is flat topped
• Bud blunt pointed, less than 10mm, pale reddish
  brown, resinous
• Twig slender, yellowish green on new growth
• Leaf needle-like, fascicle of 2, 2-4cm long,
  straight or slightly curved, stiff,
  sharp-pointed, yellowish green, spread apart
• Fruit cones are 3-7cm long, tan coloured,
  curved and pointed toward the branch ends,
  serotinous
• Bark thin, reddish brown to grey, flakey
• Site found on well drained sites

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Pinaceae Pine FamilyPinus contorta Lodgepole
pine(native)

• Size and Form 30 meters tall, 60cm diameter, up
  to 200 years old, short branches, narrow trunk
  and straight taper
• Bud reddish brown, resinous, 15mm long, blunt
  pointed
• Twig dark brown in the second season, orange
  and brown in the first season, has loose whorls
• Leaf needle-like, 3-7cm long, fascicles of two,
  fine tooth margins, dark green to yellowish
  green, slightly twisted
• Fruit cones, short cylindrical, 3-6cm, purple
  and brown stalks, points away from tip, cone
  scales have prickles
• Bark thin fine scales, orange and brown, smooth
  trunk
• Site native to Cypress Hills

38
Pinaceae Pine FamilyPinus resinosa Red
pine(exotic)

• Size and Form 25 meters tall, 75cm diameter, up
  to 200 years old, flat top crown
• Bud sharply pointed, large terminal bud,
  reddish brown resinous bud, loose hairy scales
• Twig stout, orange to reddish brown
• Leaf needle-like, fascicles of two, 10-16cm
  long, straight and brittle
• Fruit cones are ovoid, 4-7cm long
• Bark reddish pink, flat scaly plates
• Site is shade intolerant

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Pinaceae Pine FamilyPinus strobus Eastern
white pine(exotic)

• Size and Form 30 meters tall, 100cm in
  diameter, up to 200 years old
• Bud slender, up to 15mm long, sharply pointed,
  reddish brown terminal and sub-terminal buds
• Twig green with hairs in the first season,
  orange brown bark in the following seasons
• Leaf needle like, fascicles of five, 5-15cm
  long, flexible
• Fruit cones, 8-20cm long, 50-80-scales in rows
  of five
• Bark thin smooth, grey to green in colour
• Site variable

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Pinaceae Pine FamilyPinus sylvestris Scots
pine(exotic and naturalized)

• Size and Form 30 meters tall, varied trunk and
  branch sizes
• Bud ovoid, sharply pointed, 6-12mm,
  non-resinous
• Twig greenish brown, hairless
• Leaf needle-like, fascicles of two, 4-8cm
  long, sharply pointed, and finely toothed
  margins, bluish green
• Fruit conical ovoid, 2.5-7cm long, clusters of
  2 or 3 point back towards tree, woody scales with
  four sides and raised tips
• Bark orange papery strips on the upper part of
  the tree, lower part of the tree is more greyish
• Site shade intolerant and drought tolerant

41
Rosaceae Rose FamilyAmelanchier alnifolia
Saskatoon(native)

• Size and Form 4m tall, dense patches
• Bud alternate arrangement, purple with white
  lines on edge of scales
• Twig slender on new growth, red wine colour,
  turns grey when older
• Leaf simple, 2-4cm long, smooth rounded base
  with serrated rounded apex, elliptic to obovate
• Fruit berry, purple to nearly black, clusters
• Site open, dry to moist areas

42
Rosaceae Rose FamilyCrataegus sp
Hawthorn(native)

• Size and Form small shrub up to 4m,low crown,
  flat top and rounded
• Bud alternate arrangement, terminal bud is
  broad, shiny reddish/brown, cluster of 2-3 buds
  at each location, one for thorn, one for the
  leaf and one for the twig elongation
• Twig sharp thorn (can be 3cm long), smooth,
  shiny, reddish in colour
• Leaf simple, variable in shape, 2-8cm long,
  serrated, wide as is long
• Fruit pome (less than 1cm), reddish, fleshy
• Site calcium rich soils, and abandoned farm
  yards

43
Rosaceae Rose FamilyMalus sp Apple(exotic)

• Size and Form small sprawling crown tree
• Bud alternate arrangement, white hairs, hug
  twig, larger terminal bud
• Twig stout, hairy (fuzzy), dwarf twigs produce
  fruit
• Leaf simple, ovate, round base, pointed tip
• Fruit pome, white or red flowers, arranged in
  clusters on dwarf shoots
• Site landscape uses

44
Rosaceae Rose FamilyPotentilla fruticosa
Shrubby cinquefoil(native)

• Size and Form spreading shrub, up to 1m tall,
  multiple branching
• Bud alternate arrangement, covered with silky
  hairs
• Twig silky hairs, scruffy
• Leaf odd-pinnately compound, 3-5 leaflets,
  greyish/green
• Fruit densely hairy achenes in clusters,
  flowers are buttercup-like
• Site open to partly wooded areas, fairly
  widespread

45
Rosaceae Rose FamilyPrunus pensylvanica Pin
cherry(native)

• Size and Form small tree (up to 5m tall)
• Bud alternate arrangement, small, rounded,
  diverging cluster of buds at the terminal
• Twig slender, reddish/brown, has a waxy coating
• Leaf simple, lance-like, long and pointed, tiny
  serrated teeth, up to 10cm long
• Fruit bright red drupe, flowers are white in
  open clusters
• Site found in small patches in forest openings

46
Rosaceae Rose FamilyPrunus virginiana Choke
cherry(native)

• Size and Form small tree (up to 6m tall)
• Bud alternate arrangement, sharp pointed,
  two-tone brown
• Twig slender to moderately stout, smooth,
  greyish/brown, waxy stem
• Leaf simple, elliptical to obovate, up to 10cm
  long, fine sharp teeth
• Fruit red to almost black drupe, up to 15mm
  across, flower clusters up to 15cm
• Site dry wooded clearings

47
Rosaceae Rose FamilyRosa acicularis Prickly
rose(native)

• Size and Form small bushy shrub (1.5m)
• Bud alternate arrangement, small, red to purple
  in colour
• Twig stout, covered in straight prickles
• Leaf odd-pinnately compound, 3-9 leaflets, up
  to 3cm long, leaflets are sharp, double toothed
  with hair underneath (pubescent)
• Fruit spherical to pear shape, berry or hip
• Site open forest, clearings, and river banks

48
Rosaceae - Rose FamilyRubus idaeus
Raspberry(native)

• Size and Form erect shrub (up to 2m tall)
• Bud alternate arrangement, small
• Twig slender, soft prickle, reddish
• Leaf odd-pinnately compound, 3-5 leaflets, sharp
  pointed, double serrated
• Fruit aggregate fruit, red in colour, white
  flowers in singles or small clusters
• Site open wooded areas, clear landings

49
Rosaceae Rose familySorbus sp Mountain
ash(exotic)

• Size and Form small tree, lots of branches at
  base, rounded crown
• Bud alternate arrangement, large and pointed
  terminal bud, lateral buds are smaller, white and
  hairy, purplish in colour
• Twig stout, greyish (older), purple/red
  (younger)
• Leaf odd-pinnately compound, 7-19 leaflets
  (serrated), up to 20cm long
• Fruit apple like, 6-12mm, orange/reddish,
  flower made up of small white petals (flat topped
  cluster)
• Bark reddish (younger), smooth, light grey
  (older)
• Site cool moist sites, also found in some drier
  sites

50
Salicaceae Willow FamilyPopulus balsamifera
Balsam poplar(native)

• Size and Form deciduous tree (up to 20m tall),
  50cm diameter, 70yr life span
• Bud alternate arrangement, large and sticky,
  can be 25mm long, has terminal bud, yellow/green
• Twig reddish/brown, grey on older wood, 5 sided
  pith
• Leaf simple, long petiole, up to 10cm long,
  rounded/heart-shaped at base, sharp tip, finely
  toothed
• Fruit catkins up to 10cm long, capsules, seeds
  with cottony hairs
• Bark greenish/brown on young, older bark is
  greyish and deeply furrowed
• Site moist sites, along streams and floodplains

51
Salicaceae Willow familyPopulus X Hybrid
poplar(exotic)

• Size and Form medium-large tree (up to 30m
  tall), 1m diameter, 50yr lifespan
• Bud alternate arrangement, long pointed,
  yellow/brown/green, resinous and hairless
• Twig 5 sided pith, yellow/brown
• Leaf simple, triangular shaped, tapered tip,
  smooth round teeth (none at tip), shiny green
  above, pale green below
• Fruit catkin, capsule, seeds with cottony
  hairs.
• Bark yellowish/grey, smooth
• Site moist rich sites, urban parks, is fast
  growing

52
Salicaceae Willow FamilyPopulus tremuloides
Trembling aspen(native)

• Size and Form deciduous tree (up to 25m tall),
  40cm diameter
• Bud alternate arrangement, pointed, conical in
  shape, clasping the branch, tips curve inward,
  dark reddish/brown, shiny
• Twig slender, shiny, dark green to
  brownish/grey, lenticels
• Leaf simple, oval to circular, sharp pointed
  tip w/flat or square base, flat petiole
• Fruit catkin, capsule, seed with cottony hairs
• Bark smooth, waxy appearance, pale green/white
  when young, darker and lightly furrowed when
  older with white powder on the side most exposed
  to light
• Site moist and well drained

53
Salicaceae Willow familySalix sp
Willow (native)

• Size and Form varied form, prostrate to upright
  shrubs
• Bud alternate arrangement, single bud scale,
  pointed, pseudo-terminal, hugs the stem
• Twig slender, tinted colours
• Leaf simple, 2 to 10cm, at least three times
  longer than wide, tapered tip, finely to smooth
  teeth, short petiole, stipules
• Fruit catkin, capsules
• Site wide variety, needs sufficient moisture
  and nutrients

54
Saxifragaceae Saxifrage FamilyRibes sp
Currants/Gooseberry(native)

• Size and Form erect to spreading shrub,
  ascending less than 1m
• Bud alternate arrangement, small in size
• Twig - straw colour, slender, prickles with
  spines at nodes
• Leaf simple, maple leaf like shape
• Fruit dark purple to black berries, also may be
  red
• Site stream banks and moist woods

55
Tiliaceae Linden FamilyTilia americana
Basswood(exotic)

• Size and Form medium sized tree (up to 20m
  tall), 60cm diameter, up to 200yr lifespan
• Bud alternate arrangement, rounded and plump,
  reddish/orange, 5-7mm long
• Twig orange/brown, round
• Leaf simple, heart-shaped, sharply toothed,
  thick, asymmetrical
• Fruit nut like capsule, round, woody, brown
  tiny hairs, grow out of long bracts (5-8cm)
• Site shade tolerant

56
Ulmaceae Elm FamilyUlmus americana White
elm(native)

• Size and Form large tree (up to 35m tall),
  175cm diameter, flat top, 200yr lifespan
• Bud alternate arrangement, sharp-pointed,
  reddish/brown, flattened, terminal bud points to
  one side
• Twig zig-zags, smooth, greyish /brown
• Leaf simple, large, oval, small tip,
  asymmetrical, lots of sharp teeth, upper is dark
  green and rough, up to 15cm
• Fruit flat samara, round and fuzzy with a
  notched tip
• Bark ridges (intersecting), somewhat scaling
• Site river valleys bottom, high moisture with
  good drainage

57
Ulmaceae Elm FamilyUlmus pumila Siberian
elm(exotic)

• Size and Form medium sized tree, lots of
  branching, short lived (30yr)
• Bud alternate arrangement, small, dark and
  round
• Twig olive colour, slender
• Leaf simple, narrow, asymmetrical, 2-7cm long,
  dark green, smooth
• Fruit hairless, flat samara, has a closed notch
• Bark rough and grey (older)
• Site dry soils, farm belts and hedges

58
Images Used

• Brand, Mark. University of Connecticut. UConn
  Plant Database. http//www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/
  a/a.html (December 2005).
• Dunlop, Andrew. Trees of Ottawa. 1999.
  http//ca.geocities.com/treesofottawa/ (December
  2005).
• Herman, D.E. et al. 1996. North Dakota Tree
  Handbook. USDA NRCD ND State Soil Conservation
  Committee NDSU Extension and Western Area Power
  Admin., Bismarck, ND. http//plants.usda.gov
  (December 2005).
• Lakehead University. Educational Resources The
  Virtual Forest. 2002. http//www.borealforest.org/
  edresc.htm (December 2005).
• Mohlenbrock, Robert. 1995. Northeast Wetland
  Flora Field Office Guide to Plant Species.
  Northeast National Technical Centre, Chester, PA.
  http//plants.usda.gov (December 2005).
• OBrien, Joseph. USDA Forest Service.
  http//www.forestryimages.org/browse/catsubject.cf
  m?cat52 (January 2006).
• Virginia Tech Forestry Department. Dendrology at
  Virginia Tech. http//www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendr
  ology/syllabus/biglist_frame.cfm (December 2005).